多巴胺齋戒有何用？

It's the latest fad in Silicon Valley. By reducing the brain's feel-good chemical known as dopamine – cutting back on things like food, sex, alcohol, social media and technology – followers believe that they can "reset" the brain to be more effective and appreciate simple things more easily.

這是硅谷的新風(fēng)潮。通過(guò)減少大腦中使人感覺(jué)良好的化學(xué)物質(zhì)多巴胺(減少接觸食物、性、酒精、社交媒體和科技)，擁護(hù)者們相信他們可以“重置”大腦，使其更高效，更容易欣賞簡(jiǎn)單的事物。

Some even go so far as avoiding all social activities, and even eye contact.

有些人甚至避開(kāi)了所有的社交活動(dòng)，甚至避開(kāi)了眼神交流。

The exercise, dubbed "dopamine fasting" by San Francisco psychologist Dr Cameron Sepah, is now getting increasing international attention. But what exactly is it? And does it work?

被舊金山心理學(xué)家卡梅隆·賽帕博士稱(chēng)為“多巴胺齋戒”的這項(xiàng)活動(dòng)，如今引起了國(guó)際社會(huì)的高度關(guān)注。但它到底是什么樣的活動(dòng)呢?它有效嗎?

As someone who studies the brain's reward system, I'd like to share my knowledge with you.

作為一個(gè)研究大腦獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)機(jī)制的人，我想和你們分享一下我的見(jiàn)解。

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter – a chemical messenger produced in the brain. It is sent around the brain conveying signals related to functions such as motor control, memory, arousal and reward processing.

多巴胺是一種神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)，是大腦產(chǎn)生的一種化學(xué)信使。它在大腦中傳遞與運(yùn)動(dòng)控制、記憶、興奮和獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)機(jī)制等功能相關(guān)的信號(hào)。

For example, too little dopamine can result in disorders like Parkinson's Disease, involving symptoms of muscle rigidity, tremors and changes in speech and gait. One of the treatments for Parkinson's is the drug L-DOPA, which can cross the blood-brain barrier and be converted into dopamine to help ease the symptoms.

例如，多巴胺過(guò)低會(huì)導(dǎo)致帕金森氏癥等疾病，引起肌肉僵硬、顫抖以及言語(yǔ)能力和步態(tài)的改變等癥狀。L-DOPA是治療帕金森氏癥的藥物之一，它可以穿過(guò)血腦屏障，轉(zhuǎn)化為多巴胺，幫助緩解癥狀。

Dopamine is also important in the reward system in the brain. It is activated by primary rewards like food, sex and drugs.

多巴胺在大腦的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)機(jī)制中也很重要。它可以被食物、性和毒品等基本獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)激活。

Importantly, the brain's reward system can "learn" over time – cues in our environment that we associate with potential rewards can increase the activity of dopamine even in the absence of an actual reward. So just being in a sweet shop and thinking about sweets can activate our brain's dopamine.

重要的是，隨著時(shí)間的推移，大腦的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)機(jī)制還可以“學(xué)習(xí)”，例如，即使沒(méi)有真正的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)，但我們聯(lián)想到環(huán)境中潛在獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)的線(xiàn)索也可以增加多巴胺的活動(dòng)。所以，在糖果店里，只是想著糖果就可以激活我們大腦中的多巴胺。

This expectation and anticipation of rewards is called the "wanting" in neuroscience language. As one of the main symptoms of depression is "anhedonia" – the lack of wanting, interest and pleasure in normally rewarding experiences – dysfunctional dopamine regulation has also been linked to this disorder.

這種對(duì)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)的期待在神經(jīng)科學(xué)語(yǔ)言中被稱(chēng)為“欲求”。抑郁癥的主要癥狀之一是“快感缺失”也就是在通常令人滿(mǎn)足的經(jīng)歷中缺乏欲望、興趣和愉悅感，而多巴胺調(diào)節(jié)功能失調(diào)也與這種疾病有關(guān)。

Some treatments for depression, such as the drug bupropion, are designed to increase dopamine levels in the brain.

一些治療抑郁癥的藥物，如安非他酮，就是為了增加大腦中的多巴胺濃度。