音樂(lè)，能恰到好處地融合不確定和驚奇因素

Researchers studying the question found that the right combination of uncertainty and surprise is what gives listeners the most pleasure.

研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，恰到好處地融合不確定和驚奇因素是讓傾聽(tīng)者感到愉悅的原因。

The study, published in the journal Current Biology, involved an analysis of 80,000 chords in 745 pop songs from the US Billboard "Hot 100" chart between 1958 and 1991.

發(fā)表在《當(dāng)代生物學(xué)》期刊上的這項(xiàng)研究分析了1958年到1991年間美國(guó)公告牌百?gòu)?qiáng)單曲榜上的745首流行歌曲中的8萬(wàn)組和弦。

The researchers -- from institutes in Germany, Norway, Denmark and the UK -- used a machine-learning model to quantify the level of uncertainty and surprise of these chords, and then asked 39 adult volunteers to rate how pleasurable they found each series of chords.

來(lái)自德國(guó)、挪威、丹麥和英國(guó)科研機(jī)構(gòu)的研究人員用一種機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)模型把這些和弦中的不確定和驚奇因素量化了，并請(qǐng)39名成年志愿者給每組和弦?guī)?lái)的愉悅程度打分。

Each song was stripped of its melody and lyrics so that only chord progressions were left and the results couldn't be skewed by other associations to the songs that listeners might have had.

每首歌都去掉了旋律和歌詞，只留下和弦進(jìn)行曲式，這樣結(jié)果便不會(huì)因?yàn)楦枨渌乜赡芙o聽(tīng)眾造成的影響而偏離。

They found two things: that participants derived greater pleasure when they were relatively certain what would happen next but then were surprised by an unexpected chord progression.

研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)了兩件事。第一，參與者在比較確定接下來(lái)要出現(xiàn)的和弦卻聽(tīng)到意外的和弦進(jìn)行曲式時(shí)會(huì)有更大的愉悅感。

However, the same number of participants found it pleasant when they were uncertain as to what would follow, and then the subsequent chords were more familiar to them.

然而，同樣數(shù)量的參與者表示，當(dāng)他們不確定接下來(lái)要出現(xiàn)的和弦，卻聽(tīng)到了比較熟悉的和弦曲式，也會(huì)感到愉悅。

"It is fascinating that humans can derive pleasure from a piece of music just by how sounds are ordered over time," Vincent Cheung, the lead researcher on the paper from the Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Germany, said in a statement.

該研究的首席研究員、來(lái)自德國(guó)馬克斯普朗克人類認(rèn)知與腦科學(xué)研究所的文森特·張?jiān)谝环萋暶髦姓f(shuō)：“令人著迷的是，人類僅憑聲音的組合順序就可以從一首樂(lè)曲中得到快感。”

"Songs that we find pleasant are likely those which strike a good balance between knowing what is going to happen next and surprising us with something we did not expect. Understanding how music activates our pleasure system in the brain could explain why listening to music might help us feel better when we are feeling blue."

“讓我們感覺(jué)愉快的歌曲通常是那些在預(yù)期接下來(lái)會(huì)聽(tīng)到的和弦和意外聽(tīng)到的和弦之間保持巧妙平衡的歌曲。理解音樂(lè)如何激活我們大腦中的快樂(lè)系統(tǒng)可以解釋，為什么聽(tīng)音樂(lè)可以在我們情緒低落時(shí)讓我們感覺(jué)好起來(lái)。”

Cheung told CNN that pleasure in music is linked to expectancy. Previous studies had looked into the effects of surprise on pleasure, but he and his colleagues' study also focused on the uncertainty of listeners' predictions.

張研究員告訴CNN說(shuō)，音樂(lè)帶來(lái)的愉悅感和預(yù)期有關(guān)。先前的研究調(diào)查了驚奇對(duì)愉悅感的效果，但他和同事的研究還關(guān)注了聽(tīng)眾預(yù)期的不確定性。

The songs used in the experiments included James Taylor's "Country Roads," UB40's "Red, Red Wine" and The Beatles' "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da."

用于實(shí)驗(yàn)的歌曲包括詹姆斯·泰勒的《Country Roads》、UB40樂(lè)隊(duì)的《Red, Red Wine》和甲殼蟲(chóng)樂(lè)隊(duì)的《Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da》。

The findings may help improve artificial musical algorithms and could help composers write music or predict musical trends.

研究結(jié)果可能有助于改進(jìn)人工音樂(lè)算法，幫助作曲家編曲或預(yù)測(cè)音樂(lè)潮流。

"The idea is that hopefully as a scientist analyzing these patterns of pleasure in humans, you can somehow work out where music can go next," Peter Harrison, a researcher at Queen Mary University, London, who worked on the project, told CNN.

參與該項(xiàng)目的倫敦瑪麗女王大學(xué)的研究員皮特·哈瑞森告訴CNN說(shuō)：“我們希望，科學(xué)家通過(guò)分析人類的快樂(lè)模式可以預(yù)期音樂(lè)的走向。”

As part of the same experiment, the researchers also used brain imaging to locate the areas of the brain reflected in musical pleasure.

作為實(shí)驗(yàn)的一部分，研究人員還用腦成像技術(shù)鎖定了產(chǎn)生音樂(lè)愉悅感的大腦區(qū)域。

They found the regions involved were the amygdala, the hippocampus and the auditory cortex, which process emotions, learning and memory, and sound, respectively.

他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，這些相關(guān)大腦區(qū)域是杏仁核、海馬體和聽(tīng)覺(jué)皮層，它們分別處理情緒、學(xué)習(xí)和記憶、聲音。

Cheung added that another part of the brain, the nucleus accumbens -- which processes reward expectations -- was perhaps responsible for "directing our attention towards the music so that we will try to find out what will happen next."

張研究員補(bǔ)充道，大腦的另一個(gè)處理獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)期望的部位——伏核——也許是“將我們的注意力引向音樂(lè)”的組織，“這樣我們就會(huì)試著去弄清楚接下來(lái)會(huì)發(fā)生什么”。