百余科技業(yè)領(lǐng)袖呼吁禁止“殺手機(jī)器人”

The founders of 116 robotics and artificial intelligence companies have called for a ban on the use of lethal autonomous weapons in the wake of the postponement of UN talks on regulating “killer robots”.

聯(lián)合國(guó)關(guān)于管制“殺手機(jī)器人”的會(huì)談延期之后，116家機(jī)器人和人工智能企業(yè)的創(chuàng)始人呼吁禁止使用致命自主武器。

Elon Musk, founder of SpaceX and OpenAI, and Mustafa Suleyman, founder and head of applied AI at Google’s Deepmind, are among the signatories of an open letter warning that lethal autonomous weapons would permit “armed conflict to be fought on a scale greater than ever, and at timescales faster than humans can comprehend”.

SpaceX和OpenAI的創(chuàng)始人埃隆•馬斯克(Elon Musk)，以及谷歌(Google) DeepMind創(chuàng)始人之一、現(xiàn)負(fù)責(zé)DeepMind應(yīng)用人工智能(applied AI)的穆斯塔法•蘇萊曼(Mustafa Suleyman)等人簽署了一封公開(kāi)信，這封信警告說(shuō)，致命自主武器會(huì)讓“武裝沖突的規(guī)模超過(guò)以往任何時(shí)候，時(shí)間跨度快到人類(lèi)無(wú)法理解”。

“This new arms race has already begun in every sphere of the battlefield — air, at sea and on land,” said Toby Walsh, professor of AI at University of New South Wales and one of the signatories of the letter. “These autonomous weapons threaten to industrialise war and the way we kill people. If they become part of the military industrial complex they will end up being used against civilians.”

這封公開(kāi)信的簽署者之一、新南威爾士大學(xué)(University of New South Wales)從事AI研究的教授托比•沃爾什(Toby Walsh)表示：“這場(chǎng)新的軍備競(jìng)賽已然在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域——空、海、陸——展開(kāi)了。這些自主武器有可能將戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和我們殺人的方式工業(yè)化。如果它們成為‘軍工復(fù)合體’的一部分，最終它們將被用來(lái)攻擊平民。”

In December, 123 member nations of the UN’s review conference of the convention on conventional weapons agreed to begin formal discussions on autonomous weapons. Of these, 19 have already called for an outright ban. But the talks, which were due to begin on Monday, have been postponed as several member nations have not paid their financial contributions to the UN.

去年12月，聯(lián)合國(guó)《常規(guī)武器公約》審議大會(huì)的123個(gè)成員國(guó)同意開(kāi)始正式討論自主武器。其中19個(gè)成員國(guó)已要求徹底禁止這種武器。但由于若干成員國(guó)尚未向聯(lián)合國(guó)繳納會(huì)費(fèi)，因此原定于本周一開(kāi)始的會(huì)議已被推遲。

The letter indicates regrets that the UN’s first meeting has been cancelled and urges all parties to double their efforts in advance of a planned November meeting. The authors of the letter said it was the first time that AI and robotics companies have taken a joint stance on the issue, although in 2015 a group of technology leaders called for a ban on autonomous weapons.

這封公開(kāi)信對(duì)聯(lián)合國(guó)第一次會(huì)議被取消表示遺憾，并敦促各方在計(jì)劃好的11月會(huì)議之前加倍努力。公開(kāi)信的作者們表示，這是AI企業(yè)和機(jī)器人企業(yè)在該問(wèn)題上首次采取共同立場(chǎng)，盡管2015年一批科技企業(yè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人曾呼吁禁止自主武器。

The US, China and Israel are among nations rushing to develop autonomous weapons technology, which has the capability to independently compose and select particular courses of action without relying on the judgment of a human controller.

美國(guó)、中國(guó)和以色列等國(guó)正在積極開(kāi)發(fā)自主武器技術(shù)，這種武器有能力獨(dú)立設(shè)計(jì)和選擇具體的作戰(zhàn)方案，而不依賴(lài)于人類(lèi)操控者的判斷。

Advances in AI technology are making it possible to cede to computers many tasks long regarded as impossible to be undertaken by machines, including in modern warfare.

AI技術(shù)的進(jìn)步使得許多長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)被認(rèn)為不可能由機(jī)器完成的任務(wù)(包括現(xiàn)代作戰(zhàn))可以交由電腦來(lái)完成。

But the adoption of the type of AI technology that featured in the Terminator film franchise, for instance, remains fraught with practical and ethical issues and has alarmed experts.

但是，某些類(lèi)型的AI技術(shù)(比如《終結(jié)者》(Terminator)系列電影中展現(xiàn)的那種)的采用，在現(xiàn)實(shí)和倫理層面仍問(wèn)題重重，并令專(zhuān)家們感到擔(dān)憂(yōu)。

“We should not lose sight of the fact that, unlike other potential manifestations of AI that still remain in the realm of science fiction, autonomous weapons systems are on the cusp of development right now,” said Ryan Gariepy, founder of Clearpath Robotics, who was the first of the 116 company founders to sign the letter.

Clearpath Robotics創(chuàng)始人瑞恩•加里皮(Ryan Gariepy)表示：“我們不應(yīng)忽視這一事實(shí)，即與其他仍停留在科幻小說(shuō)中的潛在AI技術(shù)不同，自主武器系統(tǒng)現(xiàn)在馬上就要開(kāi)發(fā)出來(lái)了。”加里皮是116位公司創(chuàng)始人里第一個(gè)簽署公開(kāi)信的人。

“The development of lethal autonomous weapons systems is unwise, unethical and should be banned on an international scale.”

“發(fā)展致命自主武器系統(tǒng)(LAWS)是不明智、不道德的，應(yīng)該在全世界被禁止。”

Some autonomous weapons systems have already been developed, including a robot sentry gun designed by a South Korean arms manufacturer Dodaam Systems. Its Super aEgis II machine gun is capable of identifying, tracking and destroying a target at a great distance without human operators.

一些自主武器系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)開(kāi)發(fā)完成，包括由韓國(guó)武器制造商Dodaam Systems設(shè)計(jì)的機(jī)槍哨兵機(jī)器人。這家公司的Super aEgis II機(jī)槍能夠在沒(méi)有人類(lèi)操作者的情況下識(shí)別、追蹤和摧毀遠(yuǎn)程目標(biāo)。

However, the company has told media that all of its customers so far have asked for safeguards to be embedded in the robot that requires human operators to authorise any lethal shooting.

但該公司向媒體表示，到目前為止，所有客戶(hù)都要求給這種機(jī)器人嵌入保險(xiǎn)措施，要求任何致命射擊都需取得人類(lèi)操作者授權(quán)。

Defence experts say autonomous weapons systems have the potential to save lives on the battlefield. Israel’s Iron Dome anti-rocket system has been credited with shooting down scores of rockets fired from Gaza into Israel. Iron Dome uses technology that is programmed to respond automatically to threatening artillery or rockets.

防務(wù)專(zhuān)家表示自主武器系統(tǒng)有可能在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上拯救生命。以色列的“鐵穹”(Iron Dome)反火箭彈系統(tǒng)因擊落數(shù)十枚從加沙射向以色列的火箭彈而受到贊譽(yù)。“鐵穹”所使用的技術(shù)被程序設(shè)定為自動(dòng)響應(yīng)威脅性火炮或火箭彈。

The UK opposes banning autonomous weapons systems. A US department of defence report last year recommended accelerating exploitation of autonomous technology to “realise the potential military value and to remain ahead of adversaries who also will exploit its operational benefits”.

英國(guó)反對(duì)禁止自主武器系統(tǒng)。去年美國(guó)國(guó)防部的一份報(bào)告建議加快自主武器技術(shù)的開(kāi)發(fā)，以“實(shí)現(xiàn)潛在的軍事價(jià)值，并(讓我們)繼續(xù)領(lǐng)先于那些也將對(duì)其作戰(zhàn)優(yōu)勢(shì)加以利用的對(duì)手”。