萬(wàn)物簡(jiǎn)史 第97期:勢(shì)不兩立的科學(xué)(5)

Inspired by the controversy, in 1796 Cuvier wrote alandmark paper, Note on the Species of Living andFossil Elephants, in which he put forward for the firsttime a formal theory of extinctions. His belief wasthat from time to time the Earth experiencedglobal catastrophes in which groups of creatureswere wiped out.

在那場(chǎng)爭(zhēng)論的啟發(fā)之下，居維葉于1796年寫了一篇具有劃時(shí)代意義的論文《關(guān)于活著的象和變成化石的象的說(shuō)明》。在這篇論文里，他第一次正式提出了絕種的理論。他認(rèn)為，地球不時(shí)經(jīng)歷全球性的災(zāi)難;在此過(guò)程中，一批批的生物徹底死亡。

For religious people, including Cuvier himself, the idea raised uncomfortable implications sinceit suggested an unaccountable casualness on the part of Providence. To what end would Godcreate species only to wipe them out later? The notion was contrary to the belief in the GreatChain of Being, which held that the world was carefully ordered and that every living thingwithin it had a place and purpose, and always had and always would. Jefferson for one couldn'tabide the thought that whole species would ever be permitted to vanish (or, come to that, toevolve).

對(duì)于宗教人士來(lái)說(shuō)，包括居維葉本人，這種看法具有令人不快的含義，因?yàn)檫@意味著上帝是捉摸不定的，莫名其妙的。上帝創(chuàng)造了物種，然后又消滅這些物種，他究竟要干什么?這種看法跟“大生物鏈”的信念絕對(duì)相反。那種信念認(rèn)為，世界是精心安排的，世界上的每種生物都有一定位置，都有一個(gè)目的，過(guò)去從來(lái)就有，將來(lái)也總是會(huì)有。杰斐遜無(wú)法接受這種看法：整個(gè)物種有朝一日會(huì)消亡(或者會(huì)到那種地步，會(huì)演變)。

So when it was put to him that there might be scientific and political value in sending a party toexplore the interior of America beyond the Mississippi he leapt at the idea, hoping theintrepid adventurers would find herds of healthy mastodons and other outsized creaturesgrazing on the bounteous plains. Jefferson's personal secretary and trusted friend MeriwetherLewis was chosen co-leader and chief naturalist for the expedition. The person selected toadvise him on what to look out for with regard to animals living and deceased was none otherthan Caspar Wistar.

因此，當(dāng)有人問(wèn)他，派個(gè)考察隊(duì)去密西西比河以里的美國(guó)內(nèi)地進(jìn)行考察有沒(méi)有科學(xué)和政治價(jià)值的時(shí)候，他馬上肯定了這個(gè)建議，希望勇敢的探險(xiǎn)家們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)一群群健康的乳齒象和別的超大動(dòng)物在富饒的平原上吃草。杰斐遜的私人秘書和知心朋友梅里韋瑟·劉易斯被選定和威廉·克拉克一起擔(dān)任領(lǐng)隊(duì)，而且還是這次遠(yuǎn)征的首席博物學(xué)家。被選定來(lái)指點(diǎn)他該找什么活的動(dòng)物和死的動(dòng)物的不是別人，正是卡斯帕·威斯塔。