萬物簡(jiǎn)史 第57期:事物的測(cè)定(15)

At his urging, the Royal Society agreed to engage areliable figure to tour the British Isles to see if sucha mountain could be found. Maskelyne knew justsuch a person—the astronomer and surveyorCharles Mason. Maskelyne and Mason had becomefriends eleven years earlier while engaged in aproject to measure an astronomical event of greatimportance: the passage of the planet Venus acrossthe face of the Sun. The tireless Edmond Halley hadsuggested years before that if you measured one ofthese passages from selected points on the Earth,you could use the principles of triangulation to work out the distance to the Sun, and from thatcalibrate the distances to all the other bodies in the solar system.

在他的敦促之下，英國(guó)皇家學(xué)會(huì)同意聘請(qǐng)一位可靠的人去考察英倫三島，看看能否找到這樣的一座山。馬斯基林恰好認(rèn)識(shí)這樣的一個(gè)人--天文學(xué)家和測(cè)量學(xué)家查爾斯·梅森。馬斯基林和梅森11年前已經(jīng)成為朋友，他們?cè)粔K兒承擔(dān)一個(gè)測(cè)量一起重大天文事件的項(xiàng)目：金星凌日現(xiàn)象。不知疲倦的埃德蒙·哈雷幾年前已經(jīng)建議，要是在地球上選定幾個(gè)位置測(cè)量一次這種現(xiàn)象，你就可用三角測(cè)繪法的定律來計(jì)算地球到太陽的距離，并由此計(jì)算出到太陽系所有其他天體的距離。

Unfortunately, transits of Venus, as they are known, are an irregular occurrence. They comein pairs eight years apart, but then are absent for a century or more, and there were none inHalley's lifetime. The next transit will be on June 8, 2004, with a second in 2012. There werenone in the twentieth century. But the idea simmered and when the next transit came due in1761, nearly two decades after Halley's death, the scientific world was ready—indeed, moreready than it had been for an astronomical event before.

不幸的是，所謂的金星凌日是一件不規(guī)則的事。這一現(xiàn)象結(jié)對(duì)而來，相隔8年，然后一個(gè)世紀(jì)甚至更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間都不發(fā)生一次。在哈雷的生命期里不會(huì)發(fā)生這種現(xiàn)象。下一次將會(huì)是在2004年的6月8號(hào)，2012年也將持續(xù)幾秒。可是20世紀(jì)里不會(huì)出現(xiàn)那種現(xiàn)象。但是，這個(gè)想法一直存在。1761年，在哈雷去世將近20年以后，當(dāng)下一次凌日準(zhǔn)時(shí)來到的時(shí)候，科學(xué)界已經(jīng)作好準(zhǔn)備工作--準(zhǔn)備得比觀測(cè)以往任何一次天文現(xiàn)象都要充分。

With the instinct for ordeal that characterized the age, scientists set off for more than ahundred locations around the globe—to Siberia, China, South Africa, Indonesia, and the woodsof Wisconsin, among many others. France dispatched thirty-two observers, Britain eighteenmore, and still others set out from Sweden, Russia, Italy, Germany, Ireland, and elsewhere.

憑著吃苦的本能--這是那個(gè)時(shí)代的特點(diǎn)--科學(xué)家們奔赴全球100多個(gè)地點(diǎn)--其中有俄羅斯西伯利亞、中國(guó)、南非、印度尼西亞以及美國(guó)威斯康星州的叢林。法國(guó)派出了32名觀測(cè)人員，英國(guó)18名，還有來自瑞典、俄羅斯、意大利、德國(guó)、冰島等國(guó)的觀測(cè)人員。