異類之不一樣的成功啟示錄 第163期:歐洲與中國(guó)農(nóng)民的差異
重要的是，大多數(shù)的農(nóng)民是有自主權(quán)的，
The peasants of Europe worked essentially as low-paid slaves of an aristocratic landlord, with little control over their own destinies.
在歐洲的農(nóng)民只能從他們所屬的貴族那里得到一點(diǎn)微薄的報(bào)酬，而且他們幾乎無(wú)法主宰自己的命運(yùn)。
But China and Japan never developed that kind of oppressive feudal system, because feudalism simply can't work in a rice economy.
但是中國(guó)和日本的體制有所不同。西歐的體制不適合稻田農(nóng)業(yè)文化，
Growing rice is too complicated and intricate for a system that requires farmers to be coerced and bullied into going out into the fields each morning.
種地是件很復(fù)雜的事，體制無(wú)法強(qiáng)迫或威逼農(nóng)民每日很早起床去田里干活。
By the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, landlords in central and Southern China had an almost completely hands-off relationship with their tenants:
在14世紀(jì)到15世紀(jì)，中國(guó)中部和南部地區(qū)的地主同租戶的關(guān)系已不具有所屬關(guān)系。
they would collect a fixed rent and let farmers go about their business.
地主只收取固定的土地出租費(fèi)用，其他的事情全部都由農(nóng)民自主決定。
"The thing about wet-rice farming is, not only that you need phenomenal amounts of labor, but it's very exacting," says the historian Kenneth Pomerantz.
“對(duì)于種植水稻來(lái)說(shuō)，不僅僅是需要很多的人力，而且還是件很吃力的工作，細(xì)微的差別就會(huì)造成產(chǎn)量上很大的差異。”歷史學(xué)家肯尼思·波馬雷茲說(shuō)道，
"You have to care. It really matters that the field is perfectly leveled before you flood it.Getting it close to level but not quite right makes a big difference in terms of your yield.
“澆水的時(shí)間也非常關(guān)鍵。
It really matters the water is in the fields for just the right amount of time.There is a big difference between lining up the seedlings at exactly the right distance and doing it sloppily.
插秧時(shí)，秧苗的距離和力度對(duì)產(chǎn)量也會(huì)產(chǎn)生很大的影響。
It's not like you put the corn in the ground in mid-March and as long as the rain comes by the end of the month, you're ok.
這不是你想象的那么簡(jiǎn)單——只要在3月中旬，把種子灑在地里，然后在月底的時(shí)候下場(chǎng)雨就可以等待收成了，
You're controlling all the inputs in a very direct way.
你必須按部就班地點(diǎn)進(jìn)行每項(xiàng)作業(yè)。
And when you have something that requires that much care, the overlord has to have a system that gives the actual labor some set of incentives,
對(duì)于需要特別關(guān)注的田地，地主就會(huì)通過(guò)一定的獎(jiǎng)賞制度來(lái)激勵(lì)農(nóng)民。
where if the harvest comes out well, the farmer gets a bigger share.
如果收成很好，那么農(nóng)民也會(huì)得到更多的分成。
That's why you get fixed rents, where the landlord says, I get twenty bushels, regardless of the harvest, and if it's really good, you can get the extra.
這就是為什么地租是固定的。地主會(huì)說(shuō)，不管收成如何，我都要收20擔(dān)糧食，因此如果收成超出地租需要交納的糧食，你就會(huì)有收獲很多余糧。
