國(guó)際關(guān)系英語(yǔ)詞匯大全Unit 50

　　英語(yǔ)單詞講解 unit 50

　　1.Hans Kelsen

　　Hans Kelsen (October 11, 1881 – April 19, 1973) was an Austrian jurist, legal philosopher and political philosopher. Due to the rise of national socialism in Germany and Austria, Kelsen left his university post because of his Jewish ancestry, and departed to Geneva in 1933, and then to the United States in 1940. In 1934, Roscoe Pound lauded Kelsen as “undoubtedly the leading jurist of the time.” While in Vienna, Kelsen was a young colleague of Sigmund Freud and wrote on the subject of social psychology and sociology. By the 1940s, Kelsen’s reputation was already well established in the United States for his defense of democracy and for his magnum opus Pure Theory of Law (Reine Rechtslehre). Kelsen’s academic stature exceeded legal theory alone and extended to political philosophy and social theory as well. His influence encompassed the fields of philosophy, legal science, sociology, the theory of democracy, and international relations.

　　1.漢斯·凱爾森

　　漢斯·凱爾森(1881年10月11日-1973年4月19日)是20世紀(jì)著名奧地利裔猶太人法學(xué)家，法律實(shí)證主義的代表人物。凱爾森生于布拉格，兩歲隨父母來(lái)到維也納，在維也納大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)法律，1906年獲得博士學(xué)位。1911年，發(fā)表第一部代表作品《國(guó)家法學(xué)說(shuō)的主要問(wèn)題》。1919年，凱爾森成為維也納大學(xué)國(guó)家法和行政法教授。1930年，成為德國(guó)科隆大學(xué)教授，1933年納粹掌權(quán)后，凱爾森被開(kāi)除，前往瑞士的日內(nèi)瓦，1940年來(lái)到美國(guó)。

　　2.Voltaire

　　François-Marie Arouet (21 November 1694 – 30 May 1778), known by his nom de plume Voltaire, was a French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher famous for his wit, his attacks on the established Catholic Church, and his advocacy of freedom of religion, freedom of expression, and separation of church and state. Voltaire was a versatile writer, producing works in almost every literary form, including plays, poems, novels, essays, and historical and scientific works. He wrote more than 20,000 letters and more than 2,000 books and pamphlets. He was an outspoken advocate, despite the risk this placed him in under the strict censorship laws of the time. As a satirical polemicist, he frequently made use of his works to criticize intolerance, religious dogma, and the French institutions of his day.

　　2.伏爾泰

　　伏爾泰(1694年11月21日-1778年5月30日)，原名弗朗索瓦-瑪利?阿魯埃，法國(guó)啟蒙時(shí)代思想家、哲學(xué)家、文學(xué)家，啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)公認(rèn)的領(lǐng)袖和導(dǎo)師。被稱為“法蘭西思想之父”。與盧梭、孟德斯鳩合稱“法蘭西啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)三劍俠”。他不僅在哲學(xué)上有卓越成就，也以捍衛(wèi)公民自由，特別是信仰自由和司法公正而聞名。盡管在他所處的時(shí)代審查制度十分嚴(yán)厲，伏爾泰仍然公開(kāi)支持社會(huì)改革。他的論說(shuō)以諷刺見(jiàn)長(zhǎng)，常常抨擊天主教教會(huì)的教條和當(dāng)時(shí)的法國(guó)教育制度。伏爾泰的著作和思想與托馬斯·霍布斯及約翰·洛克一道，對(duì)美國(guó)革命和法國(guó)大革命的主要思想家都有影響。

　　3.Montesquieu

　　Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu (18 January 1689 – 10 February 1755), generally referred to as simply Montesquieu, was a French lawyer, man of letters, and political philosopher who lived during the Age of Enlightenment. He is famous for his articulation of the theory of separation of powers, which is implemented in many constitutions throughout the world. He did more than any other author to secure the place of the word despotism in the political lexicon, and may have been partly responsible for the popularization of the terms feudalism and Byzantine Empire.

　　3.孟德斯鳩

　　夏爾·德·塞孔達(dá)，孟德斯鳩男爵(1689年1月18日-1755年2月10日)是法國(guó)啟蒙時(shí)期思想家、律師，也是西方國(guó)家學(xué)說(shuō)和法學(xué)理論的奠基人。與伏爾泰、盧梭合稱“法蘭西啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)三劍俠”。“拜占庭帝國(guó)”這個(gè)說(shuō)法的流行，孟德斯鳩出力甚多。