國際關(guān)系英語詞匯大全Unit 45

　　英語單詞講解 unit 45

　　1.Ernest Mason Satow

　　Sir Ernest Mason Satow GCMG PC; (30 June 1843 – 26 August 1929), was a British scholar, diplomat and Japanologist. Satow is better known in Japan than in Britain or the other countries in which he served. He was a key figure in East Asia and Anglo-Japanese relations, particularly in Bakumatsu (1853–1867) and Meiji Era (1868–1912) Japan, and in China after the Boxer Rebellion, 1900-06. He also served in Siam, Uruguay and Morocco, and represented Britain at the Second Hague Peace Conference in 1907. In his retirement he wrote A Guide to Diplomatic Practice, now known as 'Satow's Guide to Diplomatic Practice' - this manual is widely used today, and has been updated several times by distinguished diplomats, notably Lord Gore-Booth.

　　1.薩道義

　　埃內(nèi)斯特·馬松·薩托爵士，PC，GCMG(1843年6月30日-1929年8月26日)，英國英格蘭外交家、日本學(xué)家。他以薩道義的名字為華人所知，其日本名字為佐藤愛之助，薩道義于1862-1883年、1895-1900年在英國駐日大使館當(dāng)通譯;1884-1895年于暹羅(今泰國)、烏拉圭、摩洛哥當(dāng)外交官;1900-1906年在中國(清朝)任駐華公使，代表英國簽署《辛丑條約》、《中英續(xù)訂藏印條約》。1906年被委任為英國樞密院委員。

　　2.John Locke

　　John Locke FRS (29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704), was an English philosopher and physician regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and known as the "Father of Classical Liberalism". Considered one of the first of the British empiricists, following the tradition of Sir Francis Bacon, he is equally important to social contract theory. His work greatly affected the development of epistemology and political philosophy. His writings influenced Voltaire and Rousseau, many Scottish Enlightenment thinkers, as well as the American revolutionaries. His contributions to classical republicanism and liberal theory are reflected in the United States Declaration of Independence.

　　2.約翰·洛克

　　約翰·洛克(1632年8月29日-1704年10月28日)是英國的哲學(xué)家。在知識論上，洛克與喬治·貝克萊、大衛(wèi)·休謨?nèi)吮涣袨橛?jīng)驗(yàn)主義的代表人物，但他也在社會契約理論上做出重要貢獻(xiàn)。他發(fā)展出了一套與托馬斯·霍布斯的自然狀態(tài)不同的理論，主張政府只有在取得被統(tǒng)治者的同意，并且保障人民擁有生命、自由、和財產(chǎn)的自然權(quán)利時，其統(tǒng)治才有正當(dāng)性。洛克相信只有在取得被統(tǒng)治者的同意時，社會契約才會成立，如果缺乏了這種同意，那么人民便有推翻政府的權(quán)利。約翰·洛克將國家權(quán)力分為立法權(quán)、行政權(quán)和對外權(quán)，并主張立法權(quán)與行政權(quán)的分立，行政權(quán)與對外權(quán)的統(tǒng)一;立法權(quán)是國家最高權(quán)力。

　　3.Jeremy Bentham

　　Jeremy Bentham (15 February [O.S. 4 February] 1748 – 6 June 1832) was a British philosopher, jurist, and social reformer. He is regarded as the founder of modern utilitarianism. Bentham became a leading theorist in Anglo-American philosophy of law, and a political radical whose ideas influenced the development of welfarism. He advocated individual and economic freedom, the separation of church and state, freedom of expression, equal rights for women, the right to divorce, and the decriminalising of homosexual acts. He called for the abolition of slavery, the abolition of the death penalty, and the abolition of physical punishment, including that of children. He has also become known in recent years as an early advocate of animal rights. Though strongly in favour of the extension of individual legal rights, he opposed the idea of natural law and natural rights, calling them "nonsense upon stilts".

　　3.杰里米·邊沁

　　杰里米·邊沁(1748年2月15日-1832年6月6日)，英國哲學(xué)家、法學(xué)和社會改革家。他是最早支持功利主義和動物權(quán)利的人之一。他著有《政府論片斷》(1776年)，在其中對英國憲法進(jìn)行了探討。在他的《道德與立法原理》一書中，功利主義的原則第一次得到明確的表達(dá)。邊沁在實(shí)踐上是激進(jìn)的社會改革者，他反對君主制，提倡普選制度。邊沁也是最具影響力的古典自由主義者之一，其影響力不僅來源于他的著作，而且來源于他全世界的門徒，包括約翰·斯圖爾特·密爾和一些政治領(lǐng)袖，如羅伯特·歐文(烏托邦社會主義的代表人物)。