《孫子兵法》第62期:第十一章 九地(1)

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九地篇 NO.1：

1.用兵之法，有散地，有輕地，有爭(zhēng)地，有交地，有衢地，有重地，有圮地，有圍地，有死地。

諸侯自戰(zhàn)其地者，為散地;入人之地不深者，為輕地;

我得亦利，彼得亦利者，為爭(zhēng)地;我可以往，彼可以來(lái)者，為交地; 諸侯之地三屬，先至而得天下眾者，為衢地;

入人之地深，背城邑多者，為重地;山林、險(xiǎn)阻、沮澤，凡難行之道者，為泛地;

所由入者隘，所從歸者迂，彼寡可以擊吾之眾者，為圍地;疾戰(zhàn)則存，不疾戰(zhàn)則亡者，為死地。

是故散地則無(wú)戰(zhàn)，輕地則無(wú)止，爭(zhēng)地則無(wú)攻，交地則無(wú)絕，衢地則合交，重地則掠，泛地則行，圍地則謀，死地則戰(zhàn)。

這句啥意思：

孫子說(shuō)：按照用兵的原則，軍事地理有散地、輕地、爭(zhēng)地、交地、衢地、重地、圮地、圍地、死地。

諸侯在本國(guó)境內(nèi)作戰(zhàn)的地區(qū)，叫做散地。

在敵國(guó)淺近縱深作戰(zhàn)的地區(qū)，叫做輕地。

我方得到有利，敵人得到也有利的地區(qū)，叫做爭(zhēng)地。

我軍可以前往，敵軍也可以前來(lái)的地區(qū)，叫做交地。

多國(guó)相毗鄰，先到就可以獲得諸侯列國(guó)援助的地區(qū)，叫做衢地。

深入敵國(guó)腹地，背靠敵人眾多城邑的地區(qū)，叫做重地。

山林險(xiǎn)阻沼澤等難于通行的地區(qū)，叫做圮地。

行軍的道路狹窄，退兵的道路迂遠(yuǎn)，敵人可以用少量兵力攻擊我方眾多兵力的地區(qū)，叫做圍地。

迅速奮戰(zhàn)就能生存，不迅速奮戰(zhàn)就會(huì)全軍覆滅的地區(qū)，叫做死地。

因此，處于散地就不宜作戰(zhàn)，處于輕地就不宜停留，遇上爭(zhēng)地就不要勉強(qiáng)強(qiáng)攻，遇上交地就不要斷絕聯(lián)絡(luò)，

進(jìn)入衢地就應(yīng)該結(jié)交諸侯，深入重地就要掠取糧草，碰到圮地就必須迅速通過(guò)，陷入圍地就要設(shè)謀脫險(xiǎn)，處于死地就要力戰(zhàn)求生。

英文這么說(shuō)：

Sun Tzu said: The art of war recognizes nine varieties of ground:

(1) Dispersive ground; (2) facile ground; (3) contentious ground;(4) open ground; (5) groundof intersecting highways;(6) serious ground; (7) difficult ground; (8) hemmed-in ground;(9)desperate ground.

When a chieftain is fighting in his own territory,it is dispersive ground.

When he has penetrated into hostile territory,but to no great distance, it is facile ground.

Ground the possession of which imports great advantage to either side, is contentiousground.

Ground on which each side has liberty of movement is open ground.

Ground which forms the key to three contiguous states,so that he who occupies it first hasmost of the Empire at his command, is a ground of intersecting highways.

When an army has penetrated into the heart of a hostile country, leaving a number of fortifiedcities in its rear, it is serious ground.

Mountain forests, rugged steeps, marshes and fens—all country that is hard to traverse: this isdifficultground.

Ground which is reached through narrow gorges,and from which we can only retire by tortuouspaths,so that a small number of the enemy would suffice to crush a large body of our men:this is hemmed in ground.

Ground on which we can only be saved from destruction by fighting without delay, isdesperate ground.

On dispersive ground, therefore, fight not.On facile ground, halt not. On contentiousground,attack not.

On open ground, do not try to block the enemy's way.On the ground of intersecting highways,join hands with your allies.

On serious ground, gather in plunder.In difficult ground, keep steadily on the march.

On hemmed-in ground, resort to stratagem.On desperate ground, fight.

內(nèi)容小析

《九地篇》是《地形篇》的姐妹篇，是針對(duì)地形地理如何用兵的進(jìn)一步研究。本章論述了軍隊(duì)在九種不同的地域作戰(zhàn)時(shí)的用兵原則，強(qiáng)調(diào)要善于利用在不同作戰(zhàn)地域官兵的不同心理狀態(tài)，采取相應(yīng)的作戰(zhàn)策略。在兵法思想中，孫子非常注重天時(shí)、地利對(duì)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的影響。在本篇中，孫子根據(jù)不同的地形對(duì)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)所產(chǎn)生的不同影響，把作戰(zhàn)地形分為九類，并提出了在這九類地形中作戰(zhàn)所應(yīng)遵循的基本原則。