大學(xué)英語自學(xué)教程下冊課文(帶字幕)01

[00:29.60]Unit 1 Text A What Is a Decision? [00:32.72]決策是什么? [00:35.84]A decision is a choice [00:40.28]made from among alternative courses of action that are available. [00:43.66]決策即是從幾種可行的行為中做出選擇. [00:47.05]The purpose of makinga decision [00:51.10]is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives. [00:54.82]決策的目的是為了建立和達(dá)到組織的目標(biāo). [00:58.54]The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists, [01:01.56]決策的原因是存在著問題, [01:04.57]goals or objectives are wrong [01:06.99]目標(biāo)有誤, [01:09.41]or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them. [01:12.03]或有某種東西妨礙著它的實現(xiàn). [01:14.66]Thus the decision-making process is fundamental to management. [01:18.38] 因此決策的過程對于管理是必不可和的. [01:22.10]almost everything a manager does involves decisions, [01:25.63]幾乎管理者所做的所有事情都涉及到?jīng)Q策. [01:29.16]indeed,some suggest that the management process is decisions making. [01:33.09]確實,有人認(rèn)為管理過程就是決策過程. [01:37.02]Although managers cannot predict the future, [01:40.05]雖然管理者不能預(yù)測未來, [01:43.08]many of their decisions require that they condider possible future events. [01:47.05]但他們的許多決策還是要求他們考慮到未來可能發(fā)生的事情. [01:51.02]Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be [01:54.76]通常管理者必須對未來的情況做出最佳預(yù)測, [01:58.49]and try to leave as little as possible to chance, [02:01.42]從而使偶然性盡可能少地發(fā)生. [02:04.34]but since uncrtainty is always there,risk accompanies decisions. [02:08.27]但因為總存在著不確定性,所以風(fēng)險常伴隨著決策. [02:12.21]Sometimes the consequences of a poor decision are slight; [02:15.47]有時候不明知的決策的結(jié)果沒什么大不了的, [02:18.74]at other times they are serious. [02:21.02]有時卻非常嚴(yán)重. [02:23.31] Choice is the opportunity to select among alternatives. [02:26.69] 選擇就是從可供選擇的事物中進(jìn)行選擇的機會. [02:30.07]If there is no choice,there is no decision to be made. [02:33.25]如果沒有選擇,就不會有決策. [02:36.42]Decision making is the process of choosing, [02:39.69]決策是選擇的過程, [02:42.95]and many decisions have a broad range of choice. [02:46.03]許多決策有很廣的可選范圍. [02:49.12]For example, [02:50.88]例如: [02:52.64]a student may be able to choose among a number of different courses [02:55.97]例如:為了完成得到大學(xué)學(xué)位的決策, [02:59.30]in order to implement the decision to obtain a college degree. [03:02.44]一個學(xué)生可以從許多不同的課程中選擇. [03:05.57]For managers,every decision has constraints based on policies, [03:09.40]對管理者來說,每次決策都受到政策, [03:13.23]procedures,laws,precedents,and the like. [03:16.31]程序,法律,慣例等等因素的制約. [03:19.39]These constraints exist at all levels of the organization. [03:22.51]這些制約存在于各級組織中. [03:25.64]Alternatives are the possible courses of action from which choices can be made. [03:29.61] 供選擇的事物是指可供從中選擇的可能的行為過程. [03:33.58]If there are no alternatives,there is no choice and,therefore,no decision. [03:37.55]如果沒有供選擇的事物,就不能做出選擇,因此,就沒有決策. [03:41.52]If no alternatives are seen, [03:43.56]如果找不到可供選擇的事物, [03:45.59]often it means that a thorough job of examining the problems has not been done. [03:49.22]通常意味著對這個問題還沒有做徹底的審查. [03:52.86]For example,managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion; [03:56.83]例如:管理者有時用二者擇一的方式來處理問題, [04:00.80]this is their way of simplifying complex problems. [04:03.44]這是他們簡化復(fù)雜問題的方式. [04:06.07]But the tendency to simplify blinds them to other alternatives. [04:09.65]但這種簡化的傾向使得他們看不到其他可供選擇的辦法. [04:13.23]At the managerial level, [04:15.11] 在管理級別上, [04:16.99]decision making includes limiting alternatives as well as identifying them, [04:21.02]決策包括限定并確定可選擇的事物, [04:25.04]and the range is from highly limited to practically unlimited. [04:28.53]其范圍從極其有限到實際上無限多. [04:32.01] Decision makers must have some way of determining [04:34.94]決策者必須有辦法決定 [04:37.86]which of several alternatives is best, [04:40.24]在若干種可供選擇的事物中哪能種是最優(yōu)的, [04:42.62]that is which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals. [04:46.64]也就是哪種最有助于完成組織目標(biāo). [04:50.66]An organizational goal [04:54.50]is an end or a state of affairs the organization seeks to reach. [04:57.98]組織目標(biāo)是組織所追求達(dá)到的事件的結(jié)束或狀態(tài). [05:01.45]Because individuals(and organizations)frequently have different ideas about [05:08.61]how to attain the goals, [05:10.65]因為個體(和組織)關(guān)于如何達(dá)到目的常有不同的觀點, [05:12.69]the best choice may depend on who makes the decision. [05:15.66]哪能種是最優(yōu)的選擇可能要看是誰做出決策. [05:18.64]Frequently,departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually [05:23.11]通常,一個組織中的各部門或單位做出的決策對他們個體來說是有益的, [05:27.58]but that are less than optimal for the larger organization. [05:30.45]但對更大的組織來說則不是最理想的. [05:33.32]Called suboptimization, [05:35.40]所謂的局部最優(yōu)化, [05:37.48]this is a trade-off that increases the advantages to one unit or function [05:41.45]這種權(quán)衡增加了對一個單位或一項職能的好處, [05:45.42]but decreases the advantages to another unit or function. [05:48.75]卻減少了對其他單位或職能的好處. [05:52.08]For example,the marketing manager may argue effectively for an increased advertising budget. [05:56.05]例如:銷售經(jīng)理可能為了提高廣告預(yù)算而極力說服他人. [06:00.02]In the larger scheme of things, however, [06:02.36]可在更大大的方案中, [06:04.70]increased funding for research to improve the products [06:10.44]might be more beneficial to the organization. [06:12.94]提高研究基金以改進(jìn)產(chǎn)品可能對整體組織更大有益處. [06:15.43]These trade-offs occur because there are many objectives [06:22.38]that organizations wish to attain simultaneously. [06:25.16] 因為組織希望同時達(dá)到許多目標(biāo),這此權(quán)衡就會發(fā)生. [06:27.94]Some of these objectives are more important than others, [06:31.03]其中一些目標(biāo)較其他目標(biāo)更重要, [06:34.11]but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department. [06:38.63]但其順序和重要程度在人與人,部門與部門之間則常常不同. [06:43.15]Different managers define the same problem in different terms. [06:46.41]不同的管理者用不同的術(shù)語定義同樣的問題. [06:49.68]When presented with a common case,sales managers tend to see sales problems, [06:53.65]當(dāng)面對一件日常事例時,銷售經(jīng)理傾向于去看銷售環(huán)節(jié)的問題, [06:57.62]production managers see production problems,and so on. [07:00.28]生產(chǎn)經(jīng)理則看生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)的問題等等. [07:02.95]The ordering and importance of multiple objectives is also based,in part, [07:07.08] 在某種程序上,多種目標(biāo)的先后順序和重要性 [07:11.20]on the values of the decision maker. [07:13.54]也基于決策人的價值觀念. [07:15.88]Such values are personal;they are hard to understand, [07:18.91]這此價值觀具有個人色彩,因為其可變性和復(fù)雜性, [07:21.94]even by the individual,because they are so dynamic and complex. [07:25.57]即使對個體而言,也很難以理解. [07:29.20]In many business situations different people's values about [07:32.43]在許多交易情形下,不同的人們關(guān)于風(fēng)險和盈利的 [07:35.65]acceptable degrees of risk and profitability [07:41.22]cause disagreement about the correctness of decisions. [07:44.09]可接受程度的價值觀念帶來對決策正確性的不同意見. [07:46.96]People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon. [07:50.74] 人們經(jīng)常假設(shè)一項決策是孤立的現(xiàn)象. [07:54.51]But from a systems point of view,problems have multiple causes, [07:58.04]但從系統(tǒng)的觀點看,問題有多種原因, [08:01.57]and decisions have intended and unintended consequences. [08:05.11]決策有預(yù)期的和非預(yù)期的結(jié)果. [08:08.65]An organization is an ongoing entity, [08:11.43]一個組織是一個正在發(fā)展中的實體, [08:14.21]and a decision made today may have consequences far into the future. [08:16.99]現(xiàn)在的決策可能給將來帶來深遠(yuǎn)的影響. [08:19.77]Thats the skilled manager looks toward the future consequence of current decisions [08:23.86]因而熟練的管理者會看到當(dāng)前決策對未來的影響. [08:27.95]Text B Secrets of Success at an Interview [08:30.82]面試成功的秘訣 [08:33.70]The subject of today's talk is interviews. [08:36.04] 今天談?wù)摰脑掝}是面試. [08:38.37]The key words here are preparation and confidence, which will carry you far. [08:41.65] 面試的關(guān)鍵是準(zhǔn)備和自信,這將對你具有深遠(yuǎn)的意義. [08:44.93]Do your homework first. [08:46.60] 首先你要做準(zhǔn)備工作. [08:48.27]Find out all you can about the job you are applying for [08:50.65] 盡量了解你所申請的工作, [08:53.03]and the organization you hope to work for. [08:55.07]以及你所希望為之工作的組織機構(gòu). [08:57.10]Many of the employers I interviewed made the same criticism of candidates. [09:00.28] 我會見過的許多雇主都對應(yīng)聘者做了同樣的批評, [09:03.45]"They have no idea what the day to day work of the job brings about. [09:06.13]"他們不知道日常工作做些什么. [09:08.81]They have vague notions of 'furthering the company's prospects' [09:11.54]他們空具'改進(jìn)公司的前景' [09:14.27]or of 'serving the community', [09:16.00]或'服務(wù)社區(qū)'的模糊概念, [09:17.74]but have never taken the trouble to find out the actual tasks [09:22.70]they will be required to do." [09:24.38]卻從來不肯下功夫去發(fā)現(xiàn)他們將需要做的實際工作." [09:26.05]Do not let this be said of you. [09:27.77] 不要讓這些話涉及到你. [09:29.50]It shows an unattractive indifference to your employer and to your job. [09:32.23]這表明你對雇主和工作沒有吸引力,不感興趣. [09:34.96]Take the time to put yourself into the interviewer's place. [09:37.38] 花時間設(shè)身處地地為面試接見者想一想. [09:39.81]He wants somebody who is hard-working [09:42.00]他需要的是具有友愛的人格,努力工作, [09:44.18]with a pleasant personality and a real interest in the job. [09:46.85]并且對工作懷有真正興趣的人. [09:49.53]Anything that you find out about the prospective employer [09:54.29]can be used to your advantage during the interview [09:56.47] 你所了解到的朋關(guān)未來雇主的任何信息都會在面試中對你有利, [09:58.65]to show that you have bothered to master some facts [10:03.01]but the people who you hope to work for. [10:05.00]它表明你曾費心去了解你希望為之工作的人的有關(guān)事情. [10:06.98]Write down(and remember) the questions you want to ask the interviewer(s) [10:10.01]記錄下(并且記住)面試中你想問的問題, [10:13.04]so that you are not speechless when they invite your questions. [10:15.56]這樣他們請你提問時你就不會啞口無言了. [10:18.08]Make sure that holidays and pay are not the first things you ask about. [10:21.06]你一定不要首先問及休假和報酬. [10:24.04]If all your questions have been answered during the interview,reply: [10:26.77]如果你的問題在面試中都得到了回答,你應(yīng)該這樣說: [10:29.50]"In fact,I did have several questions,but you have already answered them all." [10:32.62]"事實上,我的確有一些問題,但你們已經(jīng)做出了回答." [10:35.74]Do not be afraid to ask for clarification [10:40.18]of something that has been said during the interview [10:42.21] 面試中如果你想確認(rèn)所談及的內(nèi)容中有什么隱含意義, [10:44.23]if you want to be sure what was implied, but do be polite. [10:47.01]不要害怕請示明示,但一定要有禮貌. [10:49.80]Just before you go to the interview, [10:51.68] 在去面試之前, [10:53.56]look again at the original advertisement that you answered, [10:55.93]再看看你應(yīng)征的原始廣告, [10:58.31]any correspondence from your prospective employer, [11:00.58]你未來雇主的所有信件, [11:02.86]photocopies of your letter of application or application form and your resume. [11:06.10]你的求職信或求職表的復(fù)印件和你的簡歷. [11:09.34]Then you will remember what you said and what they want. [11:11.82] 這樣你就記住了你所說的和他們所希望的. [11:14.30]This is very important if you have applied for many jobs in a short time [11:17.12]如果你在適時間內(nèi)申請了許多工作,這點就很重要. [11:19.94]as it is easy to become confused and give an impression of inefficiency. [11:23.02]因為你很容易搞混亂了,給人以效率低的印象. [11:26.11]Make sure you know where and when you have to report for the interview. [11:28.93] 確信何地何時你必須去面試. [11:31.75]Go to the building(but not inside the office)a day or two before,if necessary, [11:35.47]如果必要的話,面試前兩天到面試的大樓(但不是辦公室里)去一趟, [11:39.19]to find out how long the journey,takes and where exactly the place is [11:42.22]弄清路有多遠(yuǎn)和確切的地點. [11:45.25]Aim to arrive five or ten minutes early for the actual interview, [11:47.89] 為真正的面試做好早到5分鐘或10分鐘的打算, [11:50.53]then you will have a little time in hand [11:52.50]那么,你手頭兒還有一點兒時間, [11:54.48]and you will not panic if you are delayed. [11:56.51]就不會為延誤而驚慌. [11:58.55]You start at a disadvantage if you arrive worried and ten minutes late. [12:01.42]如果你急急忙忙地趕到,遲到10分鐘,一開始你就處于不利地位. [12:04.30]Dress in clean,neat,conservative clothes. [12:06.62] 穿著要干凈,整潔,保守. [12:08.95]Now is NOT the time to experiment with the punk look [12:11.59]現(xiàn)在不是嘗試名牌打扮 [12:14.22]or (girls) to wear low-cut dresses with mini skirts. [12:16.65]或女孩穿著領(lǐng)口開得很低的上衣和迷你裙的時候. [12:19.08]Make sure that your shoes,hands and hair(and teeth) are clean and neat. [12:22.50]確信你的鞋子,手,頭發(fā)(和牙齒)干凈,整潔. [12:25.93]Have the letter inviting you for an interview [12:28.00] 準(zhǔn)備好出示邀請你來面試的信件, [12:30.08]ready to show in case there is any difficulty in communication. [12:32.76]以防萬一在交流中出現(xiàn)麻煩. [12:35.44]You may find yourself facing one int-erviewer or a panel. [12:38.01]你可能會發(fā)現(xiàn)你自己面對著一個接見者或一個專門小組. [12:40.58]The latter is far more intimidating, but do not let it worry you too much. [12:43.55]后者令人害怕得多,但不要讓它使你過分擔(dān)憂. [12:46.51]The interviewer will probably have a table in front of him/her. [12:49.04] 會見者前面可能會放一張桌子, [12:51.58]Do not put your things or arms on it. [12:53.64]不要把你的東西和胳膊放在桌子上. [12:55.71]If you have a bag or a case,put it on the floor beside your chair. [12:58.49]如果你有一個包或一個箱子,把它放在你棒子旁邊的地板上. [13:01.27]Do not clutch it nervously or,worse still,drop it,spilling everything. [13:04.90]不要緊張地用手抓著,甚而更糟的是,掉在地上,把所有的東西都掉出來了. [13:08.53]Shake hands if the interviewer offers his hand first. [13:10.90]如果接見者首先伸過手來,你就和他握手. [13:13.26]There is little likelihood that a panel of five [13:17.81]wants to go though the process of all shaking hands with you in turn. [13:20.48]幾乎不可能五個人的專門小組中大家輪流與你握手. [13:23.16]So you do not be upset if no one offers. [13:25.38]所以如果沒人主動伸手時,你不要感到不安. [13:27.60]Shake hands firmly--a weak hand suggests a weak personality, [13:30.68]握手要堅定有力---軟弱無力的手說明導(dǎo)彈的個性, [13:33.77]and a crushing grip is obviously painful. [13:35.84]而擠壓式的緊握顯然是痛苦的. [13:37.92]Do not drop the hand as soon as yours has touched it [13:40.10]不要剛一接觸就放下你的手, [13:42.28]as this will seem to show you do not like the other person. [13:44.87]因為這樣似乎表明你不喜歡對方. [13:47.45]Speak politely and naturally even if you are feeling shy. [13:50.13] 即使你感到害羞,說話也要禮貌,自然. [13:52.81]Think before you answer any questions. [13:54.83]在回答任何問題之前都要先想想. [13:56.86]If you cannot understand, ask: [13:58.99] 如果你沒有理解,可以這樣請示: [14:01.12]"Would you mind rephiasing the question, please?" [14:03.15]"請您再重復(fù)一下這個問題,好嗎?" [14:05.19]The question will then be repeated in different words. [14:07.41]會見者就會用不同的話重復(fù)一遍這個問題. [14:09.63]If you are not definitely accepted or turned down on the spot, [14:12.31] 如果當(dāng)場你沒有明確地被接受或拒絕, [14:14.99]ask:"When may I expect to hear the results of this interview?" [14:17.81]你就要問:"我可以期望在何時所到面試的結(jié)果呢?" [14:20.63]If you do receive a letter offering you the job, [14:22.85] 如果你確實收到了提供給你工作的信函, [14:25.07]you must reply by letter(keep a photocopy) as soon as possible. Good luck! [14:28.85]你必須忙地回復(fù)信函(保留復(fù)印件). 祝好運!

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