國家地理:我們?yōu)槭裁凑f謊(8)

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Much of the knowledge we use to navigate the world comes from what others have told us. Without the implicit trust that we place in human communication, we would be paralyzed as individuals and cease to have social relationships. "We get so much from believing, and there's relatively little harm when we occasionally get duped," says Tim Levine, a psychologist at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, who calls this idea the truth default theory.

許多我們用來探索世界的知識來源于他人的口中，沒有我們在人際交往中的隱含信任，我們就會受限于個體，并且不再具有社會關系。伯明翰阿拉巴馬大學的心理學家蒂姆·萊文提出的真相默認理論指出，“我們從信仰中收獲頗豐，當我們偶爾被欺騙時，傷害是較小的?！?/p>

Being hardwired to be trusting makes us intrinsically gullible. "If you say to someone, 'I am a pilot,' they are not sitting there thinking: 'Maybe he's not a pilot. Why would he say he's a pilot?' They don't think that way," says Frank Abagnale, Jr., a security consultant whose cons as a young man, including forging checks and impersonating an airline pilot, inspired the 2002 movie Catch Me if You Can. "This is why scams work, because when the phone rings and the caller ID says it's the Internal Revenue Service, people automatically believe it is the IRS. They don't realize that someone could manipulate the caller ID."

信任是天生的，這使我們本質上容易受騙?！叭绻愀嬖V別人‘我是一個飛行員’，他們不會坐在那里想：‘也許他不是一個飛行員，為什么他要說自己是一個飛行員呢？’這不是他們思考的方式?！?安全顧問弗蘭克·阿巴內爾說。弗蘭克在年輕時偽造支票并冒充航空公司的飛行員，他的經歷成了2002年上映的電影《逍遙法外》的靈感源。“這就是詐騙行為起作用的原因，因為當電話響起，來電顯示表明對方是國稅局時，人們自然會相信是國稅局。他們沒有意識到有人可以操縱來電顯示?！?/p>

Robert Feldman, a psychologist at the University of Massachusetts, calls that the liar's advantage. "People are not expecting lies, people are not searching for lies," he says, "and a lot of the time, people want to hear what they are hearing." We put up little resistance to the deceptions that please us and comfort us -- be it false praise or the promise of impossibly high investment returns. When we are fed falsehoods by people who have wealth, power, and status, they appear to be even easier to swallow, as evidenced by the media's credulous reporting of Lochte's robbery claim, which unraveled shortly thereafter.

馬薩諸塞大學的心理學家羅伯特·費爾德曼稱這是騙子的優(yōu)勢。他說：“人們并不期待謊言，人們也并不在尋找謊言，很多時候，人們都愿意聽取他們聽到的聲音。”我們幾乎不反對給我們帶來歡喜與安慰的欺騙，無論是虛假的贊美還是不可估量的高投資回報的承諾。當我們被擁有財富、權力和地位的人欺騙時，似乎更容易輕信謊言，正如媒體輕信了羅切特的搶劫聲明，而這件事不久后就真相大白。

Researchers have shown that we are especially prone to accepting lies that affirm our worldview. Memes that claim Obama was not born in the United States, deny climate change, accuse the U.S. government of masterminding the terrorist strikes of September 11, 2001, and spread other "alternative facts," as a Trump adviser called his Inauguration crowd claims, have thrived on the Internet and social media because of this vulnerability. Debunking them does not demolish their power, because people assess the evidence presented to them through a framework of preexisting beliefs and prejudices, says George Lakoff, a cognitive linguist at the University of California, Berkeley. "If a fact comes in that doesn't fit into your frame, you'll either not notice it, or ignore it, or ridicule it, or be puzzled by it -- or attack it if it's threatening."

研究人員表明，我們特別容易接受那些印證我們的世界觀的謊言。奧巴馬并未出生在美國，否認氣候變化，指責美國政府策劃“9·11事件”，并傳播其他“替代事實”（特朗普的顧問在回答關于總統(tǒng)就職典禮參與人數的問題時提出該詞），諸如此類的梗之所以在互聯(lián)網和社交網絡上大肆傳播，正是因為這種弱點。加州大學伯克利分校的認知語言學家喬治·拉科夫說，揭穿謊言并不駁倒謊言，因為人們通過一個預先存在的信仰和偏見的框架來評估提供給他們的證據?！叭绻粋€事實不符合你的框架，你將不會注意到它，或者忽略它，或者嘲笑它，或對它感到困惑 ，或者判定它是威脅的話就攻擊它。”