大學(xué)英語自學(xué)教程 unit 12

[00:00.00]Unit 12 Text A [00:04.60]How Dictionaries Are Made [00:06.57]詞典是怎樣編寫的 [00:08.54]It is widely believed that everyword has a correct meaning, [00:12.16]人們普遍相信,每個(gè)詞都有個(gè)正確的詞義, [00:15.78]that we learn these meanings mainly from teachers and grammarians and [00:19.30]我們主要是跟老師和語法家學(xué)習(xí)這些詞義, [00:22.83] that dictionaries and grammarsare the supreme authority [00:25.86]詞典和語法是 [00:28.89]in matters of meaning and usage. [00:31.18]詞義和用法的最高權(quán)威. [00:33.46]Few people ask by what authority the writers of dictionariesand grammars say what they say, [00:38.30]很少有問,編詞典和寫語法的人憑什么說出他們之所說的. [00:43.13]I once got into a dispute with an English womanover the pronunciation of a word andn [00:47.60]我有一次曾和一位英國婦女爭(zhēng)論一個(gè)詞的發(fā)音, [00:52.06] offered to look it up in the dictionary. [00:54.24]并且提出查查詞典. [00:56.42]The English woman said firmly,"What for? I am English. [01:00.40]這位英國婦女語氣十分堅(jiān)決地說:"查詞典干什么?我是個(gè)英國人, [01:04.37]I was born and brought up in England. [01:06.74]在英國出生,在英國長(zhǎng)大的. [01:09.12]The way I speak is English," [01:11.44]我說的就是英文." [01:13.77]Such self-assurance about one's own language [01:16.66]這種對(duì)自己語言的自信 [01:19.54]is fairlycommon among the English. [01:21.97]在英國人當(dāng)中是相當(dāng)普遍的. [01:24.40]In the United States,however, [01:26.88]而在美國, [01:29.36]anyone who is willing to quarrel with the dictionary [01:32.19]誰要是想和詞典辨論, [01:35.01]is regarded as either eccentric or mad. [01:38.10]會(huì)被認(rèn)為不是異常就是發(fā)瘋. [01:41.20]Let us see how dictionaries are made and how the editors arrive at definitions. [01:45.61]讓我們看看詞典是怎樣編寫的和編輯們?cè)鯓拥贸鲈~的定義的. [01:50.03]What follows applies only to those dictionary offices where first-hand [01:54.16]下面所說的只適用于那些進(jìn)行第一手 [01:58.28]original research goes on-- [02:00.46]創(chuàng)造性研究的詞典編輯室, [02:02.64]not those in which editors simply copy existing dictionaries. [02:06.37]而不是那些編輯們單純抄現(xiàn)有詞典的編輯室. [02:10.09]The task of writing a dictionary [02:12.61]詞典的編寫是 [02:15.13]begins with the reading of vast amounts of the literature of the period [02:19.06]從閱讀擬編詞典要涵蓋的時(shí)期 [02:22.99]or subject that the dictionary is to cover. [02:25.67]和主題的大量文獻(xiàn)開始的. [02:28.35]As the editors read,they copy on cards every interesting or rare word, [02:33.03]編輯們?cè)陂喿x文獻(xiàn)的時(shí)候, [02:37.70]every unusual or peculiar occurrence of a common word, [02:41.28]要把這樣一些資料記在卡片上:每個(gè)引起興趣的詞或不常見的詞, [02:44.86]a large numher of common words in their ordinary uses, [02:48.63]每個(gè)常用詞的不尋常的或特殊的出現(xiàn)情況, [02:52.41]and also the sentences in which each of these words appears. [02:56.38]大量的通常使用的常用詞以及每個(gè)出現(xiàn)這樣詞的句子. [03:00.35]That is to say,the context of each wordis connected along with the word itself. [03:05.52]也就是說,把每個(gè)單詞本身連同它出現(xiàn)的上下文一起收集起來. [03:10.69]For a really big job of dictionary writing, [03:13.97]對(duì)于一項(xiàng)真正巨大的詞典編寫任務(wù), [03:17.25]such as the Oxford English Dictionary,millions of such cards are collected, [03:21.52]比如像編寫牛津英語詞不典,要收集幾百萬張這樣的卡片, [03:25.79]and the task of editing occupies decades. [03:28.97]而編寫任務(wù)要占去幾十年的時(shí)間. [03:32.14]As the cards are collected, they are alphabetized and sorted. [03:35.56]卡片收集好之后, 要把它們按字母排序和整理. [03:38.98]When the sorting is completed, there will be for each word [03:42.32]整理工作結(jié)束之后, [03:45.65]anywhere from two or three to several hundred quotations,each on its card. [03:50.62]每個(gè)詞可有從兩 三條到幾百條引文作為例句,每條都寫在一張卡片上. [03:55.60]To define a word, then, [03:57.58]為要給一個(gè)詞下定義, [03:59.57]the dictionary editor placesbefore him the stack of cardsillustrating that word; [04:03.84]詞典編輯面前擺放著一摞說明這個(gè)詞的卡片, [04:08.11]each of the cards represents an actual use of the word [04:11.94]每張卡片代表一們文學(xué)上或歷史上 [04:15.76]by a writer of some literary ox historical importance. [04:19.24]重要的作家對(duì)該詞的一種實(shí)際用法. [04:22.71]He reads the cards carefully, discards some, re-reads the rest, [04:26.95]詞典編輯認(rèn)真閱讀每張卡片, [04:31.18]and divides up the stack according to what he thinks are the several senses of the word. [04:35.57]有些就廢棄 不用了, [04:39.95]Finally, he writes his definitions, [04:43.18]后他要寫定義. [04:46.41] followlng the hard-and-fast rule that each definition must be based on what [04:50.48]這時(shí)他應(yīng)嚴(yán)格遵循一條規(guī)則: [04:54.56]the quotationsin front of him reveal about the meaning of the word. [04:58.38]每個(gè)定義都必須根據(jù)他面前的提示該詞詞義的引文. [05:02.21]The editor cannot be influenced by what he thinks a given word ought to mean [05:06.14]編輯不能受到他自己認(rèn)為某個(gè)詞應(yīng)是什么詞義的影響. [05:10.07]He must work according to the cards, or not at all [05:12.80]他必須根據(jù)卡片資料進(jìn)行工作,要不就別干. [05:15.53]The writing of a dictionary, therefore,is not a task of setting up authoritative statements [05:19.76]所以說,編寫詞典這一任務(wù)不是提供一些關(guān)于詞的 [05:24.00]about the "true meanings" of words, [05:26.62]準(zhǔn)確詞義"的權(quán)威說法, [05:29.25]but a task of recording, to the best of one' s ability, [05:32.73]而是盡最大可能地記錄很久以前的 [05:36.22]what various words have meant to authors in the distant or immediate past. [05:40.75]或不久以前的作家們對(duì)各個(gè)詞所認(rèn)定的詞義是什么. [05:45.29]If, for example, we had been writing a dictionary in 1890 [05:48.81]假如說我們?cè)?890年, [05:52.34]or even as late as 1919, [05:55.37]或者甚至晚在1919年編寫了一部詞典, [05:58.40]we could have said that the word "broadcast"means " [06:02.03]我們可以說," broadcast "一詞的詞義是"散播,撒播" [06:05.66]to scatter" (seed, for example), [06:08.09](如散播種子) [06:10.52]but we could not have stated that from 1921 on, [06:14.54]但我們不可能說,這個(gè)詞的最常用的詞義從1921年起 [06:18.57]the most common meaning of the word should become [06:21.51]應(yīng)該變成 [06:24.44]"to send out programs by radio or television." [06:27.71]"用廣播或電視發(fā)送節(jié)目". [06:30.97]In choosing our words when we speak or write, [06:33.69]我們說話或?qū)懽鞯臅r(shí)的選詞 [06:36.41]we can be guided by the historical record provided us by the dictionary [06:39.88]應(yīng)以詞典提供的歷史記錄為指南, [06:43.36]but we cannot be bound by it, because new situations, [06:46.64]但不就應(yīng)被它束縛住,因?yàn)樾虑闆r, [06:49.91]new experiences,new inventions,new feelings,are always forcing us to give new uses to old words. [06:55.14]新經(jīng)驗(yàn),新發(fā)明, [07:00.36]looking under a "hood," [07:02.28]新看法總是迫使我們給舊詞以新的用法. [07:04.20]we should ordinarily, have foundfive hundred years ago, a monk; [07:07.43]500年前,如果我們朝" hood"下看去,我們一般會(huì)看到一個(gè)修道士; [07:10.65]today, we find a car engine. [07:12.88]而今在" hood"下面看到的卻是一臺(tái)汽車發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī). [07:15.10]Text B [07:17.94]Reading Provides Necessary Survival Skills [07:20.62]閱讀給我們必要的生存技能 [07:23.30]With the coming of the television age [07:25.22]隨著電視時(shí)代的到來 [07:27.14]and the increasing emphasis on pictures and sound in all quartets of our society, [07:30.57]和社會(huì)各人方面都日益強(qiáng)調(diào)圖象和聲音， [07:34.01]many people would have us believe [07:35.78]很多人企圖使我們相信， [07:37.56]that we are moving rapidly away from reading as a necessary life skill. [07:40.53]我們正迅速離開閱讀這一必要的生活技能。 [07:43.49]But this is not the case at all. [07:45.16]但情況完全不是這 樣。 [07:46.83]Good reading is a more important life skill than ever before [07:49.77]好的閱讀能力比過去任何時(shí)候都是更重要的生活技能， [07:52.71]and the printed word continues to be the cornerstone [07:55.19]印刷的資料繼續(xù)是 [07:57.68]of both higher education [07:59.56]受高等教育 [08:01.44]and better positions in the job market. [08:03.41]和在人材市場(chǎng)中謀求更好職位的基礎(chǔ)。 [08:05.38]For students, almost all studying involves reading. [08:08.01]對(duì)學(xué)生來說，幾乎所有的學(xué)習(xí)都涉及閱讀。 [08:10.63]For adults,reading is day to day, [08:13.01]對(duì)成年人來說，閱讀天天進(jìn)行， [08:15.39]either a stumbling blockor a smooth path to pleasure and opportunity. [08:18.77]它要么是通往樂趣和機(jī)遇的平坦道路，要么是一塊絆腳石。 [08:22.15]This is why good reading habits are not only an important study skillfor the student, [08:25.39]這就是為什么好的閱讀習(xí)慣不僅是學(xué)生的重要學(xué)習(xí)技能， [08:28.63]but also an important life skill for anyone. [08:31.01]對(duì)任何人也是一項(xiàng)重要生活技能。 [08:33.38]SCANNING-You can get a good idea about the material [08:36.61]瀏覽----你一開始用一會(huì)兒 [08:39.84]by taking a few moments right off to read the title, [08:42.51]閱讀一下書名，章節(jié)標(biāo)題等， [08:45.19]chapter headings,section titles and headlines. [08:48.13]你就能對(duì)所讀的材料有個(gè)很好的概念。 [08:51.07]The purpose of scanning [08:52.65]瀏覽的目的是 [08:54.23]is to get a quick understanding of what to expect from the reading, [08:57.31]能很快了解可以從閱讀中得到什么， [09:00.40]so that you will know what you are reading as you go along. [09:02.98]以便你在閱讀過程中能明白你讀的東西的意思。 [09:05.57]Maps, charts, graphs and pictures are clues that will help the reader [09:09.54]地圖，圖表，曲線和圖片都是有益的線索， [09:13.51]to cue in on the content and organization of the material. [09:16.63]讀者理解所讀材料的內(nèi)容和組織提供一些啟示。 [09:19.75]This simple technique of scanning [09:21.63]瀏覽這一簡(jiǎn)單的技巧 [09:23.51]can help you read for ideas [09:25.39]能夠幫助你獲取大意， [09:27.28]because you will know ,where you are going when you begin to read. [09:30.10]因?yàn)楫?dāng)你開始閱讀的時(shí)候你應(yīng)該知道你的閱讀走向。 [09:32.92]READING SPEED--Another good reading habit is reading fast. [09:36.04]閱讀速度——另一個(gè)好的閱讀習(xí)慣昌讀得太快。 [09:39.16]The expression "haste makes waste" does not apply to reading. [09:42.40]“欲速則不達(dá)”這個(gè)說法不適用于閱讀， [09:45.64]In fact, most people read much too slowly. [09:48.32]事實(shí)上,很多人讀得太慢. [09:50.99]Right now you are probably reading this slower than you need [09:53.82]現(xiàn)在你就可能讀得比很好理解 [09:56.64]for good comprehension. [09:58.41]所需 要的速度要慢. [10:00.19]Studies show that fast readers are the best readers, [10:02.87]研究表明,讀得快的讀者是最好的讀者, [10:05.54]and that slow readers [10:07.13]而讀得慢的讀者 [10:08.71]often lose their concentrationand comprehension abilities [10:11.38]常常會(huì)作不到精神集中或正確理解都常常會(huì)減弱， [10:14.06]because their minds will wander our of boredom. [10:16.54]因?yàn)樗麄儠?huì)由于厭煩而思想溜號(hào)。 [10:19.02]Remember, nothing hurts concentration more than reading too slowly. [10:22.41]要記住,沒有什么比讀得太慢可能影響精神集中的了. [10:25.79]Your mind will keep up with your reading speed if you ask it to. [10:28.73]你的思路可與閱讀速度保持同步, [10:31.67]By always reading at your top speed, you challenge your understanding [10:34.79]如果你要求這樣的話,通過以你的最快速度閱讀, [10:37.91]and make it easier for your mind to concentrate on the material. [10:40.94]你向你的理解力提出挑戰(zhàn),使你的思想更容易集中在你閱讀的材料上. [10:43.97]VOCABULARY BUILDING-- [10:45.60]擴(kuò)大詞匯---- [10:47.24]For a person with good reading habits, [10:49.21]對(duì)一個(gè)具有良好閱讀能力的人來說, [10:51.18]a printed page contains not onlywords but ideas, [10:53.91]一張印刷頁面上不只包括詞匯,它還包括看法, [10:56.64]actions,thoughts and feelings. [10:59.02]行動(dòng),思想和感情. [11:01.39]But all these things are built on words. [11:03.61]但所有這些都依賴詞匯. [11:05.84]The more words you are familiar with, [11:07.72]你認(rèn)識(shí)的詞愈多, [11:09.60]the less you are aware of reading words [11:11.66]你愈不會(huì)感到像在讀詞, [11:13.72]and the more you are aware of content and meaning. [11:16.40]而會(huì)更多地感到你在讀內(nèi)容和意義. [11:19.08]Expanding your vocabulary [11:21.00]擴(kuò)大詞匯 [11:22.92]will help you to read more effectively and rapidly [11:25.28]會(huì)幫助你讀得更有效果,更快. [11:27.65]Many people simply skip over words they do not understand. [11:30.48]很多人單純地跳過他們不認(rèn)識(shí)的詞. [11:33.32]This, naturally, hurts their overall comprehension. [11:36.05]這自然會(huì)妨害他們從整體上理解閱讀材料. [11:38.78]Other people stop at each new word and look it up in the dictionary [11:41.44]另一些人每碰到一個(gè)生詞都要停下來查詞典. [11:44.10]but this method can slow down your reading [11:46.33]這種方法會(huì)降低你的閱讀速度, [11:48.55]affecting concentration and comprehension. [11:50.87]影響思想集中和理解. [11:53.20]But you can build your vocabulary without using a dictionary each time. [11:55.98]不過你可以擴(kuò)大你的詞匯而不每次都查詞典. [11:58.76]Here are two roles: [12:00.34]下面有兩條規(guī)則: [12:01.92]1. Pause for a moment on each new word and let it register in your mind. [12:05.85]1.每遇到生詞時(shí)稍停一下,把它暫記在腦子里. [12:09.78]2. Try to guess what the word means from context clues, [12:13.32]2.根據(jù)上下文線索,根據(jù)該生詞周圍的詞試圖猜測(cè)其意義. [12:16.86]from the words around it.What happens with this method [12:19.68]采用這種方法的結(jié)果是 [12:22.50] is that you will see the word again and again [12:24.69]你以后會(huì)一再碰到這個(gè)詞. [12:26.87]Each time you will have a stronger impression of the meaning. [12:29.51]你每碰到它一次,你對(duì)它的意義的印象會(huì)加深一次. [12:32.14]Soon, the new word will be familiar and its meaning clear. [12:35.12]很快這個(gè)詞就變成熟詞,而它的詞義你也清楚了. [12:38.10]The key to the method is to be alert to new words. [12:40.58]使用這個(gè)方法的關(guān)鍵是對(duì)生詞的警覺. [12:43.06]Don't skip over then. [12:44.64]不要跳過它們. [12:46.22]You'll find you are adding to your vocabulary each day [12:48.71]你將發(fā)現(xiàn)你的詞匯中每天都增添新詞, [12:51.19]and a good strong vocabulary is great help to reading qucikly [12:54.31]有效而巨大的詞匯將有力地幫助你以高的速度 [12:57.43]and with strong comprehension. [12:59.45]和強(qiáng)的理解力進(jìn)行閱讀. [13:01.48]Good reading habits like these [13:03.36]像這樣的良好閱讀習(xí)慣 [13:05.24]can help studentsand working adults alike to be more successful. [13:08.13]可以幫助學(xué)生以及已經(jīng)工作的成年人取得更大的成功. [13:11.01]The special world of school and the real world of school [13:14.10]由于增添了諸如良好的閱讀習(xí)慣這類簡(jiǎn)單但卻重要的生活技能, [13:17.18]and of everyday life can be more comfortable productive [13:20.05]學(xué)校的特殊世界和學(xué)校與 [13:22.93]and rewarding with the additiion of simple [13:25.11]日常生活的真實(shí)世界就會(huì)變得更加舒適, [13:27.29]yet important life skillssuch as good reading habits. [13:29.91]更富于成果并從中得到更多的回報(bào).

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