VOA慢速英語: 聯(lián)合國維和報告建議作出改變

UN Peacekeeping Report Advises Changes

U.N. peacekeepers from Serbia at a station along the Lebanese-Israeli border.

聯(lián)合國維和報告建議進行改革
Peacekeeping operations are often criticized. In September 2014, United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon asked a group to study all of the UN peacekeeping and political missions.
維和部隊總是被批評。2014年9月，聯(lián)合國秘書長潘基文要求一個小組研究聯(lián)合國的維和部隊以及政治使命。
Jair van der Lign is head of peace operations research at the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. His organization held meetings in Addis Ababa earlier this month to discuss African peacekeeping problems and ways to solve them. He wrote a report based on such meetings to give the panel more information.
杰克·范德·林是斯德哥爾摩國際和平研究所研究和平行動的負責人。他所在的組織這個月在阿迪斯阿貝巴討論非洲維和問題，并找出解決辦法。根據(jù)這些會議，他寫了一份報告給專家小組更多的信息。
New problems
新問題
There are new problems for peacekeeping. One is that criminals and jihadists can easily cross some borders. These are borders that do not have strong security in place.
維和也有很多問題。其中一個問題是罪犯和圣戰(zhàn)分子能夠很容易地穿過邊界線。這些邊界線沒有很有力的安全措施。
Another problem has to do with equipment. Mr. van der Lign says bombs killed many peacekeepers in Mali. The bombs are left in the road or carried by people. To be safe, the peacekeepers need vehicles with strong sides that resist bombs.
另一個問題是裝備問題。杰克·范德·林表示在馬里，炸彈炸死很多維和人員。炸彈被扔在道路上或者人攜帶炸彈。為了確保安全，維和人員需要兩側(cè)強勁能夠抵抗炸彈的車輛。
"If you start to look at all the incidents, you will find most of the fatalities are the result of the IEDs that kill people because the vehicles they were traveling in were not IED-proof. So just making sure that particularly Chadian soldiers travel in Mali with the required armored personnel carriers would already save a lot of lives."
“如果你看看所有發(fā)生的事件，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)絕大多數(shù)的傷亡事件是因為簡易爆炸裝置，因為運動中的車輛沒有防爆設(shè)施。因此，只要確保特別是在馬里配備裝甲人員輸送車的乍得士兵能夠挽救很多人的生命。”
The use of force
使用武力
The study found that people in countries where peacekeeping forces are working want them to use force to protect civilians. But the commanders may not always order their troops to use force. They do not want to put their troops in danger.
研究發(fā)現(xiàn)擁有維和部隊的國家希望維和人員使用武力保護平民。但是指揮官也許不會總讓他們的部隊使用武力。他們不希望讓自己的部隊陷入危險中。
The report says although the troops have orders, or a mandate, to protect civilians, the politicians in the home country of the UN troops can also give orders to the commanders.
報告稱盡管部隊有命令或者又授權(quán)來保護平民，但是聯(lián)合國部隊所屬國的政客仍然可以給指揮官下命令。
"That's why you see in some operations that the operations remain passive not necessarily because the mandate is passive, no quite often the mandate of an operation is very robust and says you should intervene and you should protect civilians. [It's] not because the force commander of the peace operation does not want to do it, but because the troop contributor, in the end, decides that they think it is too dangerous to protect civilians... in practice, there is a second line of command...and that's their own capitals. That is a problem the UN is aware of and trying to find solutions."
“這也就是為什么一些行動是被動的，因為授權(quán)的被動，行動的授權(quán)命令不總是很強勢的。授權(quán)命令表示你應(yīng)該介入保護平民百姓。不是因為維和部隊的指揮官不想要保護平民，而是派兵的決定會讓他們覺得保護平民是非常危險的…實際上還有第二道命令…他們自己首府的決定。這是聯(lián)合國注意到的問題，而且正試圖找到解決答案。”
Clear orders
明確的命令
Mr. Van der Lijn says the UN must be clear about the orders they give to peacekeeping troops. The troops might not have a mandate, or order to protect all civilians. Or, they may not have everything they need to protect all of the civilians in an area. When people expect protection, and the troops cannot provide it, the people get angry. This has happened in Mali, South Sudan, and the Eastern Congo.
杰克·范德·林表示聯(lián)合國必須清楚他們給予維和部隊的命令。維和部隊也許沒有得到授權(quán)或者保護所有平民的命令。當人們希望得到保護時，軍隊并不能給他們提供保護，這是人們就會憤怒。在馬里、南蘇丹和剛果東部發(fā)生過這種情況。
Cooperation versus sovereignty
合作與主權(quán)
Some who talked with the researchers said the weak borders mean that UN operations should take place in several countries at one time. This creates a question of sovereignty, or the right of a country to control what happens in its borders.
有些與研究者進行談話的人表示薄弱的邊界意味著聯(lián)合國的行動應(yīng)該在多個國家同時開展。這就產(chǎn)生一個主權(quán)的問題，或者說一個國家對邊界線的控制權(quán)問題。
Mr. Van der Lijn thinks most countries will not agree to peacekeeping operations that cross national borders, because they do not want to give up their sovereignty. But, he says the UN should make plans for peace operations based on cooperation between the United Nations and the African Union and sub-regional organizations.
杰克·范德·林認為多數(shù)國家不同意維和行動跨越其國家邊界線，因為他們不想放棄自己的主權(quán)。但是他表示聯(lián)合國應(yīng)該基于聯(lián)合國與非洲聯(lián)盟和區(qū)域組織之間的合作制定維和行動。
Paying for peacekeeping
維和部隊的費用
The study found that there are also worries about the cost of peacekeeping. The countries that pay for it are mostly Western, industrialized countries. The countries that provide the troops are middle- and low-income states. They often complain about each other.
研究發(fā)現(xiàn)還有對于維和部隊的費用擔憂。支付維和部隊花費的大多數(shù)是西方的工業(yè)化國家。而提供維和部隊的國家都是中低收入的國家。他們經(jīng)常相互抱怨。
Mr. Van der Lijn says over the last year payments to low-income countries providing soldiers has increased. This has helped the relationship, but it would also be good if those giving troops contributed money, and those giving money also sent troops. This exchange might help them understand each other better.
杰克·范德·林表示去年給低收入國家派出士兵報酬增加。這些做法緩和了雙方的關(guān)系，但是如果這些派出軍隊的國家能夠支付費用，而那些給錢的國家也能派出軍隊的話，這樣更好。這樣的交換有助于他們更好地理解彼此。
There are 16 peace operations with 120,000 UN personnel around the world. Nine of them, with about 81,000 personnel members, are in sub-Saharan Africa.
世界各地有16支維和行動小組，大約有12萬的維和人員。其中有9支維和部隊，大約8萬1千人在撒哈拉以南的非洲。
I'm Kelly Jean Kelly
我是凱利·簡·凱利。
William Eagle reported an wrote this story for VOA News. Dr. Jill Robbins wrote this story for Learning English. Mario Ritter was the editor.
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Words in This Story
peacekeeping - n. the preserving of peace; especially international enforcement and supervision of an agreement to stop fighting
IED - n. an improvised explosive device (a simple bomb made and used by unofficial or unauthorized forces)
mandate - n. an official order to do something
sovereignty - n. a country's independent authority and the right to govern itself
Now it's your turn. What do you think of the report's findings? Are there peacekeeping operations in your country? Do you have suggestions for the UN panel?