口語進階-敘事口語材料：計算機的歷史01

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原文及翻譯

The first working computers in the 1950s and 1960s were large mainframe machines. In some ways, they were like large calculating machines. The US government, the military, and businesses and institutions used them for specific tasks; for example, they might be used to handle the payroll. 

20 世紀 50 年代和 60 年代第一批投入使用的計算機是大型主機。在某些方面，它們就像大型計算機。美國政府、軍隊以及企業(yè)和機構(gòu)將它們用于特定任務(wù)；例如，它們可能用于處理工資單。

As more uses were found for computers, the need to transfer data from one computer to another became a concern. In 1969, the US government sponsored a program to explore ways for computers to transfer data over telephone lines. The first internet was created with four computers linked together. Of course, computer use increased beyond anyone's expectations. 

隨著計算機的用途越來越廣泛，將數(shù)據(jù)從一臺計算機傳輸?shù)搅硪慌_計算機的需求也開始受到關(guān)注。1969 年，美國政府資助了一項計劃，旨在探索計算機通過電話線傳輸數(shù)據(jù)的方式。第一個互聯(lián)網(wǎng)是由四臺計算機連接在一起創(chuàng)建的。當然，計算機的使用量超出了任何人的預(yù)期。

Standards were developed that described how data was to be transferred between computers. A common language for commands and communications emerged. Operating programs such as MS-DOS, Unix, Macintosh, and Windows came into existence. The internet quickly expanded beyond government and military uses. The PC became the standard form of computer, and private agencies acted as hosts for internet usage. 

開發(fā)了描述如何在計算機之間傳輸數(shù)據(jù)的標準。出現(xiàn)了用于命令和通信的通用語言。MS-DOS、Unix、Macintosh 和 Windows 等操作程序應(yīng)運而生?；ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)迅速擴展到政府和軍事用途之外。個人電腦成為計算機的標準形式，私人機構(gòu)充當互聯(lián)網(wǎng)使用的主機。

Around 1982, there were 200 and 13 hosts; by 1986, there were 2,300. Today, there are millions. The role of computers expanded so quickly that the USSR, which had discouraged computer use, found itself left behind by the USA. Part of the reason for the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1989 was that they had fallen too far behind the United States in high-tech areas to ever catch up. 

1982 年左右，有 200 臺個人電腦和 13 臺主機；到 1986 年，計算機數(shù)量已達 2,300 臺。如今，計算機數(shù)量已達數(shù)百萬臺。計算機的作用迅速擴大，以至于不鼓勵使用計算機的蘇聯(lián)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己被美國甩在了后面。蘇聯(lián)于 1989 年解體的部分原因是他們在高科技領(lǐng)域遠遠落后于美國，永遠無法趕上。

One of the most popular uses of the computer is electronic mail or email. You can send a letter by computer over the internet to anywhere in the world in seconds—or less—and it doesn't cost anything extra. Now, data can be transferred great distances almost instantaneously.

計算機最流行的用途之一是電子郵件。您可以在幾秒鐘內(nèi)（甚至更短的時間內(nèi)）通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)將信件發(fā)送到世界任何地方，而且無需額外付費?，F(xiàn)在，數(shù)據(jù)幾乎可以即時傳輸?shù)胶苓h的距離。

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