大學(xué)英語(yǔ)綜合教程第三冊(cè) 16

[00:00.00] have second thought(s) on prospect enhance artificial [00:05.75]改變主意 前景 增強(qiáng) 人工的 [00:11.49]subscribe to necessarily condemn vague [00:16.46]贊成 必然地 譴責(zé) 模糊的 [00:21.42]lend support to objection come to terms with inevitable [00:27.44]支持 反對(duì) 接受 不可避免的 [00:33.46]be bound to in essence overcome by virtue of [00:40.91]一定會(huì) 實(shí)質(zhì)上 克服 由于 [00:48.35]prohibit rest on vital significant [00:57.76]Laurence Tribe used to be against human cloning. [01:01.83]However, the arrival of Dolly the sheep led him to have second thoughts on the matter. [01:07.79]SECOND THOUGHTS ON CLONING' By Laurence H.Tribe [01:12.70]Some years ago, long before human cloning became a near-term prospect, I was among those [01:20.61]who urged that human cloning be assessed not simply in terms of concrete costs and benefits, but in terms of [01:29.08]what the technology might do to the very meaning of human reproduction, child rearing and individuality. [01:36.97]I leaned toward prohibition as the safest course. [01:41.83]2Today,with the prospect of a renewed push for sweeping prohibition rather than mere regulation, [01:49.19]I am inclined to say “Not so fast.” [01:52.98]3When scientists announced in February that [01:56.51]they had created a clone of an adult sheep--a genetically identical copy named Dolly, [02:03.59]created in the laboratory from a single cell of the “parent” [02:08.34]-- fierce debate arose over the pros and cons of trying to clone a human being. [02:14.45]4 People spoke of the plight of infertile couples; the grief of someone who has lost a child [02:21.48]whose biological rebirth might offer comfort;the prospect of using cloning to generate donors for tissues and organs; [02:30.96]the possibility of creating genetically enhanced clones with a particular talent or a resistance to some dread disease. [02:39.61]5 But others saw a nightmarish and decidedly unnatural interference with human reproduction. [02:47.08]California enacted a ban on human cloning, [02:50.95]and the President’s National Bioethics Advisory Commission recommended making the ban nationwide. [02:58.36]6 That initial debate has cooled, however, [03:01.84]and many in the scientific field now seem to be wondering what all the fuss was about. [03:07.98]7 They are asking whether human cloning isn't just a small step beyond [03:13.25]what we are already doing with artificial insemination,in vitro fertilization, [03:19.78]fertility enhancing drugs and genetic manipulation. That casual attitude is sure to give way [03:27.93]before long to yet another wave of prohibitionist outrage--a wave that I no longer feel comfortable riding. [03:36.22]8 I certainly don't subscribe to the view that whatever technology permits us to do we ought to do. [03:43.09]Nor do I subscribe to the view that the Constitution necessarily guarantees every individual the right to reproduce [03:51.73]through whatever means become technically possible. [03:55.42]9 Rather, my concern is that the very decision to use the law to condemn, and then outlaw, [04:02.36]patterns of human reproduction--especially by appealing to vague notions of what is “natural” [04:08.82]--is at least as dangerous as the technologies such a decision might be used to control. [04:14.85]10Human cloning has been condemned by some of its most articulate opponents [04:20.44]as the ultimate embodiment of the sexual revolution, [04:24.65]separating sex from the creation of babies and treating gender and sexuality as socially constructed. [04:32.30]11 But to ban cloning as furthering what some see as culturally distressing trends may, in the end, [04:39.51]lend support to strikingly similar objections to surrogate motherhood. [04:45.15]12 Equally scary, when appeals to the natural, or to religious laws, [04:50.48]lead to the criminalization of some method for creating human babies [04:55.78]we must come to terms with the inevitable: the prohibition will not be airtight. [05:02.16]13Just as was true of bans on abortion and on sex outside marriage, [05:07.83]bans on human cloning are bound to be hard to enforce. [05:12.29]And that, in turn, requires us to think in terms of a class of potential outcasts [05:18.88]-people whose very existence society will have chosen to label as a misfortune and, in essence, to condemn. [05:27.03]14One need only think of the long struggle to overcome the stigma of illegitimacy for the children of unmarried parents. [05:35.02]3) How much worse might be the plight of being judged morally incomplete by virtue of one's man-made origin? [05:42.47]15 There are some black markets (in drugs, for instance) that may be worth risking [05:48.26]when the evils of legalization would be even worse. But when what we prohibit takes the form of human beings, [05:56.96]the stakes become enormous. [05:59.47]16 There are few evils as grave as that of creating a caste system, one in which an entire category of persons, [06:07.67]while perhaps not labeled untouchable, is treated as not fully human. [06:13.37]17 And even if one could enforce a ban on cloning, or at least insure that [06:19.87]clones would not be a mistreated caste, the social cost of prohibition could still be high, [06:27.06]For the arguments supporting a rigid prohibition of cloning are most likely to rest on, and reinforce, the notion that [06:35.76]it is unnatural and wrong to cut the conventional links between marriage and the creation and upbringing of new life. [06:45.00]18 Moreover, a society that bans acts of human creation for no better reason than that [06:52.79]their particular form defies nature and tradition is a society that risks cutting itself off from vital experimentation, [07:02.69]thus losing a significant part of its capacity to grow. (4) If human cloning is to be banned, [07:10.03]then, the reasons had better be far more compelling than any thus far advanced. [07:13.27]禁止 依賴 極其重要的 重要的

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