大學(xué)英語(yǔ)綜合教程第一冊(cè) Unit 3b

[00:00.00] frustrate\ yield\ step by step\ outcome [00:04.05]使灰心\泄露\逐步\結(jié)果 [00:08.10]gradual\ process\ conclusion\ propose [00:12.41]漸進(jìn)\過(guò)程\結(jié)論\建議 [00:16.72]evalutate\ bulk\ professional\ challenge [00:21.19]評(píng)估\體積\職業(yè)的\挑戰(zhàn) [00:25.65]amount\ wear down\ failure\ somehow [00:34.09]When scientific discoveries hit the news they are rarely as simple as the headlines suggest [00:41.33]They usually do not mention the years of work that lie behind the discoveries. [00:47.46]The reports also do little [00:50.60]to help us realize that science seldom provides answers that are final and beyond challenge [00:58.75]HOW TO MAKE SENSE OUT OF SCIENCE [01:02.20]New Drugs Kill Cancer [01:05.33]Devastation by El Nino-a Warning [01:09.75]6:30p.m.October26,2028:Could This Be the Deadline for the Apocalypse? [01:18.99]When these headlines appeared this year, [01:22.34]their stories became the sujects of conversations around the world- [01:27.61]talks spiced with optimism and confusion. [01:31.95]Imagine the hopes raised in the millions battling cancer. [01:37.23]Did the news mean these people never had to worry about cancer again? [01:42.84]Or that we all had to worry about a catastrophe from outer space [01:47.81]or,more immediately,from El Nino? [01:52.17]Unfortanately,science doesn't work that way. [01:56.82]It rarely arrives at final answers. [02:00.48]People battling cancer or victims of El Nino may find this frustrating, [02:07.53]but the truth is that Nature does not yield her secrets easily. [02:14.30]Science is done step by step.First an idea is formed. [02:21.14]Then this is tested by an experiment. [02:24.85]The outcome,one hopes,results in an increase in knowledge. [02:30.10]Science is not a set of unquestionable results [02:34.83]but a way of understanding the world around us. [02:38.48]Its real work is slow. [02:41.25](1) The scientific method,as many of us learned in school,is a gradual process [02:47.47]that begins with a purpose or a problem or question to be answered. [02:52.64]It includes a list of materials, [02:56.09]a procedure to follow,a set of observations to make [03:01.24]and,finally,conclusions to reach.In medicine, [03:06.51]when a new drug is proposed that might cure or control a disease, [03:12.34]it is first tested on a large random group of people, [03:17.02]and their reactions are then compared with those of another random group not given the drug [03:24.28]All reactions in both groups [03:27.44]are carefully recorded and compared,and the drug is evaluated. [03:32.98]All of this takes time-and patience. [03:37.18]It's the result of course,that makes the best news-not the years of quiet [03:43.69]work that characterize the bulk of scientific inquiry. [03:48.83]After an experiment is concluded or an observation is made, [03:54.79]the result continues to be examined critically. [03:58.84]When it is submitted for publication, [04:02.60]it goes to a group of the scientist's colleagues,who review the work. [04:08.16]If the work is important enough, [04:11.32]just before the report is published in a professional journal or read at conference [04:18.85]a press release is issued and an announcement is made to the world. [04:24.59]The world may think that the announcement signifies the end of the process, [04:30.52]but it doesn't. [04:33.48]A publication is really a challenge: "Here is my result.Prove me wrong!" [04:40.42](2) Other researchers will try to repeat the experiment, [04:44.87]and the more often it works, [04:48.63]the better the chances that the result is sound. [04:52.99]Einstein was right when he said: [04:56.54]"No amount of experimentation can ever prove me right; [05:01.98]a single experiment can at any time prove me wrong." [05:08.74]In August 1996,NASA announced the discovery in Antarctica of a meteorite from Mars [05:18.12]that might contain evidence of ancient life on another world. [05:24.05](3)As President Clinton said that day, [05:28.70]the possibility that life existed on Mars billions of years ago [05:34.58]was potentially one of the great discoveries of our time. [05:39.72]After the excitemnt wore down and initial papers were published, [05:45.73]other researchers began looking at samples from the same meteorite. [05:52.08](4)Some concluded that the "evidence of life"was mostly contamination [06:00.12]from Antarctic ice or that there was nothing organic at all in the rock. [06:07.36]Was this a failure of science,as some news reports trumpeted? [06:12.92]No!It was a good example of the scientific method working the way it is supposed to [06:20.55]Scientists spend years on research,announce their findings, [06:26.01]and these findings are examined by other scientists. [06:30.84]That's how we learn. [06:33.48]Like climbing a mountain,we struggle up three feet and fall back two. [06:40.74]It's a process filled with disappointments and reverses, [06:45.60]but somehow we keep moving ahead.

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