金融世界 第十八講

金融世界 第十八講
在這一講中我們要談的話題是：Globalisation-全球化問題。
世界經(jīng)濟的全球化進程可以說每天都在悄悄地展開，使各國和各地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟越來越密切地結(jié)合在一起。那么，經(jīng)濟學家們對經(jīng)濟全球化有什么看法?全球化的進程是由什么力量推動的?它對各國經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展有什么積極和消極的影響呢?
在這一講和下一講中我們就要對這些問題作一些初步的探討。
首先我們來聽一段澳廣金融節(jié)目主持人巴里克拉克關(guān)于全球化問題的談話：
Few days go by without a mention of globalisation in the media. Whilst we are all aware that globalisation is affecting our lives, our attitudes to it differ widely.
For some, globalisation is the way to a better future, offering gains through specialisation according to comparative advantage and an opportunity for developing countries to raise their living standards.
On the other hand, critics hold globalisation responsible for a variety of social problems: for high unemployment in the industrialised world, for pressure on wage levels and for the present instability in financial markets.
巴里克拉克在談話中提到這樣一個詞組：
comparative advantage 相對優(yōu)勢 - 這是英國古典經(jīng)濟學家大衛(wèi)李嘉圖提出的國際分工原則中的一個概念，即各國出口生產(chǎn)成本比其它國家低的產(chǎn)品，因為他們在這些產(chǎn)品上擁有相對優(yōu)勢。
巴里克拉克還使用了這樣一些詞匯：
1 living standard 生活水平
2 social problems 社會問題
3 instability 不穩(wěn)定，動蕩
下面我們分段聽一遍巴里克拉克的這段談話和中文翻譯：(英文略)
新聞媒介幾乎每天都會提到“全球化”。盡管我們都意識到全球化影響了我們的生活，但我們對全球化的看法卻相去甚遠。
有些人認為，全球化是通向更加美好未來的途徑，通過“相對優(yōu)勢”論達成的專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)使各國獲利，同時也為發(fā)展中國家提供了提高生活水平的機會。
另一方面，持批評看法的人認為全球化造成了一系列的社會問題，如工業(yè)化各國的高失業(yè)率、工資水平受到的壓力以及目前金融市場的不穩(wěn)定等等。
下面我們再完整聽一遍巴里克拉克的這段談話。(略)
那么到底是什么因素推動了全球化進程的快速發(fā)展呢?澳大利亞墨爾本莫納什大學市場學系主任菲茨羅伊教授認為，通訊和交通費用的降低是主要的因素：
In 1945, if you had wanted to fly from Melbourne to London it would have cost you something like two years average industrial wages. If you want to do that in the late 1990s, it will cost you about three weeks average industrial wage. So there's been an enomp3ous decline in transport cost.
What that means is that it maybe cheaper to produce a good in, let's say, the United Kingdom and ship it to Australia, rather than to produce it in Australia. So it changes the fundamental economics of the industry.
Another development that facilitates globalisation is the rise of communications. Historically again, distance has been a major impediment to the co-ordination and management of organisations. With the tremendous developments in both computing and communications, cost has really declined substantially. Again, quoting some data, in 1930 a phone call from New York to London cost something of the order of $300, today it costs something like a dollar.