金融世界 第七講

金融世界 第七講
各位朋友好!在上一講中，我們講了調(diào)控市場(chǎng)供求關(guān)系的一個(gè)重要因素，就是：price - 價(jià)格。
我們今天要談的話題是 efficiency - 效率。
經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家認(rèn)為，單純就市場(chǎng)機(jī)制本身來(lái)說(shuō)，它應(yīng)該能有效率地分配寶貴的資源。那么什么是效率呢?澳大利亞新南威爾士大學(xué)管理學(xué)教授弗萊德希爾莫?dú)w納了這樣幾種基本的效率：
1 productive efficiency 生產(chǎn)效率，講的是如何生產(chǎn)的問(wèn)題，通常要以最低成本來(lái)獲得最好的效率
2 allocative efficiency 配置效率，生產(chǎn)何種產(chǎn)品，如何分配人力物力資源
3 dynamic efficiency 動(dòng)態(tài)效率，改革創(chuàng)新、適應(yīng)消費(fèi)者對(duì)產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)要求的改變
希爾莫教授對(duì)這幾種效率作了這樣的解釋：
The simplest is what we call productive efficiency. I make bricks. When I make bricks, how can I make the brick with the lowest amount of energy, the lowest amount of materials and the lowest amount of labour? And that's productive efficiency. So I'm the most efficient brick producer if I can make the cheapest brick.
希爾莫教授說(shuō)，最基本的效率是通常所說(shuō)的 “生產(chǎn)效率”。比如我生產(chǎn)磚，要考慮在制磚時(shí)怎樣只消耗最低限度的能源、最低限度的材料和最低限度的勞動(dòng)力。這就是生產(chǎn)效率。如果我能夠生產(chǎn)成本最低的磚，我就是最有效率的制磚工人。
The second fomp3 of efficiency is what's called allocative efficiency, which is where I allocate the resource to the activity which earns the highest return.
第二種形式的效率是我們所稱的“配置效率”，就是說(shuō)要把人力物力資源投入盈利最高的生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)中。
The third kind of efficiency is dynamic efficiency and that would occur where the world is changing and I'm not the best producer of bricks. But I am actually very good at designing innovative bricks - bricks that lock together in ways that make it easier for builders, bricks with colours and textures that consumers like, that the builder who wants a bit of flair will strive for. And so I could be dynamically very efficient and actually get a higher price for my bricks.
第三種效率是“動(dòng)態(tài)效率”。世界在不斷變化，我不是最好的制磚工人，但我實(shí)際上很擅長(zhǎng)設(shè)計(jì)具有創(chuàng)新意味的磚，比如磚與磚結(jié)合在一起的方式使建筑工人工作起來(lái)更簡(jiǎn)單方便、磚的顏色和紋路更受顧客歡迎，那些想有些變化的建筑工都愿意使用。因此我會(huì)獲得出色的動(dòng)態(tài)效率，賣(mài)出比較高的價(jià)格。
下面我們?cè)俾?tīng)一遍澳大利亞新南威爾士大學(xué)管理學(xué)教授希爾莫談話的全文。(略)
我們?cè)購(gòu)?fù)習(xí)一遍希爾莫教授提到的三種效率的英文：
1 productive efficiency 生產(chǎn)效率
2 allocative efficiency 配置效率
3 dynamic efficiency 動(dòng)態(tài)效率
希爾莫教授接下來(lái)又就澳大利亞目前的生產(chǎn)效率情況談了他的看法。他說(shuō)：
Today in Australia I think that the allocative and the dynamic efficiency is much more important. I mean, we aren't going to be able to compete against low wage and low cost countries by just making a cheaper brick. We have to come up with better designs, better quality, software and services that enhance our products. And when we talk about efficiency in those temp3s we tend to talk about dynamic efficiency and allocative efficiency.
希爾莫教授認(rèn)為，現(xiàn)在在澳大利亞，配置效率和動(dòng)態(tài)效率更為重要。因?yàn)榘拇罄麃喨撕茈y在制造低成本產(chǎn)品方面同低工資和低成本的國(guó)家競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。因此澳大利亞必須要以更好的設(shè)計(jì)、更好的質(zhì)量和軟件以及更好的服務(wù)來(lái)強(qiáng)化它的產(chǎn)品。在這種情況下談及效率，往往 更多的是指動(dòng)態(tài)效率和配置效率。
下面我們?cè)俾?tīng)一遍希爾莫教授這段談話的原文。(略)
澳洲廣播電臺(tái)金融節(jié)目主持人巴里克拉克對(duì)希爾莫教授的談話作了補(bǔ)充。 他從生產(chǎn)什么、怎樣生產(chǎn)和為誰(shuí)生產(chǎn)這幾個(gè)基本經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題的角度解釋了效率問(wèn)題。他還補(bǔ)充說(shuō)，除了這三種基本的效率之外，還有一種效率，叫做 exchange efficiency，交換效率：
Technical or productive efficiency looks at the "how we produce" question and refers to the least cost method, that is the least use of our resources. Allocative efficiency, or product-mix efficiency addresses the "what we produce" question and measures how well resources are allocated between the production of different goods and services. Dynamic efficiency focuses on innovation and measures how well a producer adapts to changes in consumers' tastes for different goods and services.
他說(shuō)，技術(shù)或生產(chǎn)效率針對(duì)的是如何生產(chǎn)的問(wèn)題，涉及的是成本最低的生產(chǎn)方法。分配效率，或者稱作“多向生產(chǎn)效率”，講的是生產(chǎn)什么以及衡量是否在不同產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)之間恰當(dāng)?shù)胤峙淞速Y源。動(dòng)態(tài)效率則注重于革新，衡量生產(chǎn)者能否追隨顧客對(duì)各種產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)興趣的變化而改革自己的生產(chǎn)。
And there's another type of efficiency - what's referred to as exchange efficiency and this impacts on the "for whom" question. It may be efficient to price telephone services out of the reach of people in rural Autralia, but it is not equitable to do so. Exchange efficiency always involves a trade-off between equity and efficiency.
巴里克拉克說(shuō)，還有另外一種效率，稱作“交換效率”。它涉及的是“為誰(shuí)生產(chǎn)”的問(wèn)題。在澳大利亞農(nóng)村地區(qū)，如果把電話服務(wù)的價(jià)格提高到人們無(wú)法承受的程度，也許會(huì)有經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，但這樣做是不公平的。交換效率涉及的就是公平與效率之間的平衡問(wèn)題。
現(xiàn)在我們?cè)俾?tīng)一遍澳廣金融節(jié)目主持人巴里克拉克的這段講話。(略)
在結(jié)束這一講之前，我們?cè)購(gòu)?fù)習(xí)一遍今天學(xué)到的有關(guān)效率的幾個(gè)詞：
1 productive efficiency 生產(chǎn)效率
2 allocative efficiency 配置效率
3 dynamic efficiency 動(dòng)態(tài)效率
4 exchange efficiency 交換效率
最后我們?cè)俾?tīng)一遍澳大利亞新南威爾士大學(xué)管理學(xué)教授希爾莫關(guān)于效率的談話。(略)
這次由澳洲廣播電臺(tái)Radio Australia中文部為您制作的金融世界節(jié)目到這里就結(jié)束了，謝謝您的收聽(tīng)。