高級(jí)英語(yǔ) Advanced English(張漢熙) 第一冊(cè) 10.The Trial That Rocked the World
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The Trial That Rocked the World
John Scopes
A buzz ran through the crowd as I took my place in the packed court on that sweltering July day in 1925. The counsel for my defence was the famous criminal lawyer Clarence Darrow. Leading counsel for the prosecution was William Jennings Bryan, the silver-tongued orator , three times Democratic nominee for President of the United States, and leader of the fundamentalist movement that had brought about my trial.
A few weeks before I had been an unknown school-teacher in Dayton, a little town in the mountains of Tennessee. Now I was involved in a trial reported the world over. Seated in court, ready to testify on my behalf, were a dozen distinguished professors and scientists, led by Professor Kirtley Mather of Harvard University. More than 100 reporters were on hand, and even radio announcer s, who for the first time in history were to broadcast a jury trial. "Don't worry, son, we'll show them a few tricks," Darrow had whispered throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder as we were waiting for the court to open.
The case had erupted round my head not long after I arrived in Dayton as science master and football coach at the secondary school. For a number of years a clash had been building up between the fundamentalists and the modernists. The fundamentalists adhered to a literal interpretation of the Old Testament. The modernists, on the other hand, accepted the theory advanced by Charles Darwin -- that all animal life, including monkeys and men, had evolved from a common ancestor.
Fundamentalism was strong in Tennessee, and the state legislature had recently passed a law prohibiting the teaching of "any theory that denies the story of creation as taught in the Bible." The new law was aimed squarely at Darwin's theory of evolution. An engineer, George Rappelyea, used to argue with the local people against the law. During one such argument, Rappelyea said that nobody could teach biology without teaching evolution. Since I had been teaching biology, I was sent for.
"Rappelyea is right," I told them.
"Then you have been violating the law," one of them Said.
"So has every other teacher," I replied. "Evolution is explained in Hunter's Civic Biology, and that's our textbook." Rappelyea then made a suggestion. "Let's take this thing to court," he said, "and test the legalityof it."
When I was indicted on May 7, no one, least of all I, anticipated that my case would snowball into one of the most famous trials in U. S. history. The American Civil Liberties Union announced that it would take my case to the U. S Supreme Court if necessary to establish that a teacher may tell the truth without being sent to jail." Then Bryan volunteered to assist the state in prosecuting me. Immediately the renownedlawyer Clarence Darrow offered his services to defend me. Ironically, I had not known Darrow before my trial but I had met Bryan when he had given a talk at my university. I admired him, although I did not agree with his views.
By the time the trial began on July 10, our town of 1,500 people had taken on a circusatmosphere. The buildings along the main street were festoonedwith banners. The streets around the three-storey red brick law court sproutedwith rickety stands selling hot dogs, religious books and watermelons. Evangelists set up tents to exhortthe passersby. People from the surrounding hills, mostly fundamentalists, arrived to cheer Bryan against the " infidel outsiders" Among them was John Butler, who had drawn up the anti-evolution law. Butler was a 49-year-old farmer who before his election had never been out of his native county.
The presiding judge was John Raulston, a florid-faced man who announced: "I'm just a reg'lar mountaineer jedge." Bryan, ageing and paunchy , was assisted in his prosecution by his son, also a lawyer, and Tennessee's brilliant young attorney-general, Tom Stewart. Besides the shrewd 68-year-old Darrow, my counsel included the handsome and magnetic Dudley Field Malone, 43, and Arthur Garfield Hays, quiet, scholarly and steeped in the law. In a trial in which religion played a key role, Darrow was an agnostic, Malone a Catholic and Hays a Jew. My father had come from Kentucky to be with me for the trial.
The judge called for a local minister to open the session with prayer, and the trial got under way. Of the 12 jurors, three had never read any book except the Bible. One couldn't read. As my father growled, "That's one hell of a jury!"
After the preliminary sparring over legalities, Darrow got up to make his opening statement. "My friend the attorney-general says that John Scopes knows what he is here for," Darrow drawled. "I know what he is here for, too. He is here because ignorance and bigotryare , and it is a mighty strong combination."
Darrow walked slowly round the baking court. "Today it is the teachers, "he continued, "and tomorrow the magazines, the books, the newspapers. After a while, it is the setting of man against man and creed against creed until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century when bigots lighted faggots to burn the men who dared to bring any intelligence and enlightenment and Culture to the human mind. "
"That damned infidel," a woman whispered loudly as he finished his address.
The following day the prosecution began calling wit-nesses against me. Two of my pupils testified, grinning shyly at me, that I had taught them evolution, but added that they had not been contaminated by the experience. Howard Morgan, a bright lad of 14, testified that I had taught that man was a mammal like cows, horses, dogs and cats.
"He didn't say a cat was the same as a man?" Darrow asked.
"No, sir," the youngster said. "He said man had reasoning power."
"There is some doubt about that," Darrow snorted.
After the evidence was completed, Bryan rose to address the jury. The issue was simple, he declared "The Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below." The spectators chuckled and Bryan warmed to his work. In one hand he brandished a biology text as he denounced the scientists who had come to Dayton to testify for the defence.
"The Bible," he thundered in his sonorous organ tones, " is not going to be driven out of this court by experts who come hundreds of miles to testify that they can reconcile evolution, with its ancestors in the jungle, with man made by God in His image and put here for His purpose as par t of a divine plan."
As he finished, jaw out-thrust, eyes flashing, the audience burst into applauseand shouts of "Amen". Yet something was lacking. Gone was the fierce fervour of the days when Bryan had swept the political arena like a prairie fire. The crowd seemed to feel that their champion had not scorched the infidels with the hot breath of his oratory as he should have. Dudley Field Malone popped up to reply. "Mr. Bryan is not the only one who has the right to speak for the Bible, he observed. "There are other people in this country who have given up their whole lives to God and religion. Mr. Bryan, with passionate spirit and enthusiasm, has given post of his life to politics." Bryan sipped from a jug of water as Malone's voice grew in volume. He appealed for intellectual freedom, and accused Bryan of calling for a duel to the death between science and religion.
"There is never a duel with the truth," he roared. "The truth always wins -- and we are not afraid of it. The truth does not need Mr. Bryan. The truth is eternal, immortal and needs no human agency to support it! "
When Malone finished there was a momentary hush. Then the court broke into a storm of applause that surpassed that for Bryan. But although Malone had won the oratorical duel with Bryan, the judge ruled against permitting the scientists to testify for the defence.
When the court adjourned, we found Dayton's streets swarming with strangers. Hawkerscried their wares on every corner. One shop announced: DARWIN IS RIGHT – INSIDE. (This was J. R. Darwin's everything to Wear Store.) One entrepreneur rented a shop window to display an ape. Spectators paid to gaze at it and ponderwhether they might be related.
"The poor brute cowered in a corner with his hands over his eyes, ” a reporter noted, "afraid it might be true. "
H. L. Mencken wrote sulphurous dispatches sitting in his Pants with a tan blowing on him, and there was talk of running him out of town for referring to the local citizenry as yokels . Twenty-two telegraphists were sending out 165 000 words a day on the trial.
Because of the heat and a fear that the old court's floor might collapse, under the weight of the throng, the trial was resumed outside under the maples. More than 2 000 spectators sat on wooden benches or squattedon the grass, perched on the tops of parked cars or gawked from windows.
Then came the climax of the trial. Because of the wording of the anti-evolution law, the prosecution was forced to take the position that the Bible must be interpreted literally. Now Darrow sprang his trump card by calling Bryan as a witness for the defence. The judge looked startled. "We are calling him as an expert on the Bible," Darrow said. "His reputation as an authority on Scripture is recognized throughout the world."
Bryan was suspicious of the wily Darrow, yet he could not refuse the challenge. For year s he had lectured and written on the Bible. He had campaigned against Darwinism in Tennessee even before passage of the anti-evolution law. Resolutely he strode to the stand, carrying a palm fan like a sword to repel his enemies.
Under Darrow's quiet questioning he acknowledged believing the Bible literally, and the crowd punctuated his defiant replies with fervent "Amens".
Darrow read from Genesis: "And the evening and the morning were the first day." Then he asked Bryan if he believed that the sun was created on the fourth day. Bryan said that he did.
"How could there have been a morning and evening with-out any sun?" Darrow enquired.
Bryan mopped his bald dome in silence. There were sniggers from the crowd, even among the faithful. Darrow twirled his spectacles as he pursued the questioning. He asked if Bryan believed literally in the story of Eve. Bryan answered in the affirmative.
"And you believe that God punished the serpent by condemning snakes for ever after to crawl upon their bellies?"
"I believe that."
"Well, have you any idea how the snake went before that time?"
The crowd laughed, and Bryan turned livid. His voice rose and the fan in his hand shook in anger.
"Your honor," he said. "I will answer all Mr. Darrow's questions at once. I want the world to know that this man who does not believe in God is using a Tennessee court to cast slurs on Him..."
"I object to that statement,” Darrow shouted. “ I am examining you on your tool ideas that no intelligent Christian on earth believes."
The judge used his gavel to quell the hubbuband adjourned court until next day.
Bryan stood forlornly alone. My heart went out to the old warrior as spectator s pushed by him to shake Darrow's hand.
The jury were asked to consider their verdict at noon the following day. The jurymen retired to a corner of the lawn and whispered for just nine minutes. The verdict was guilty. I was fined 100 dollars and costs.
Dudley Field Malone called my conviction a "victorious defeat." A few southern papers, loyal to their faded champion, hailed it as a victory for Bryan. But Bryan, sad and exhausted, died in Dayton two days after the trial.
I was offered my teaching job back but I declined. Some of the professors who had come to testify on my be-half arranged a scholarship for me at the University of Chicago so that I could pursue the study of science. Later I became a geologist for an oil company.
Not long ago I went back to Dayton for the first time since my trial 37 years ago. The little town looked much the same to me. But now there is a William Jennings Bryan University on a hill-top over looking the valley.
There were other changes, too. Evolution is taught in Tennessee, though the law under which I was convicted is still on the books. The oratorial storm that Clarence Darrow and Dudley Field Malone blew up in the little court in Dayton swept like a fresh wind through the schools and legislative offices of the United States, bringing in its wake a new climate of intellectual and academic freedom that has grown with the passing years.
(from Reader's Digest, July, 1962)
第十課
震撼世界的審判
約翰o司科普斯
在一九二五年七月的那個(gè)酷熱日子里，當(dāng)我在擠得水泄不通的法庭里就位時(shí)，人群中響起一陣嘁嘁喳喳的議論聲。我的辯護(hù)人是著名刑事辯護(hù)律師克拉倫斯o達(dá)羅。擔(dān)任主控官的則是能說(shuō)會(huì)道的演說(shuō)家威廉o詹寧斯o布萊恩，他曾三次被民主黨提名為美國(guó)總統(tǒng)候選人，而且還是導(dǎo)致我這次受審的基督教原教旨主義運(yùn)動(dòng)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人。
幾個(gè)星期之前，我還只是田納西州山區(qū)小鎮(zhèn)戴頓的一名默默無(wú)聞的中學(xué)教員，而現(xiàn)在我卻成了一次舉世矚目的庭審活動(dòng)的當(dāng)事人。在法庭就座為我作證的有以哈佛大學(xué)的科特里o馬瑟教授為首的十幾位有名望的教授和科學(xué)家。到場(chǎng)的還有一百多名新聞?dòng)浾?，甚至還有一些廣播電臺(tái)的播音員，他們也要破天荒地播放一次庭審實(shí)況。就在我們靜候著法庭開(kāi)審的當(dāng)兒，達(dá)羅關(guān)切地?fù)ё∥业募绨虻吐暟参康溃?quot;別擔(dān)心，孩子，我們會(huì)給他們點(diǎn)厲害瞧瞧。"
我剛到戴頓中學(xué)任自然科學(xué)教員兼足球教練不久，這件案子就突然降臨到我的頭上。若干年來(lái)，原教旨主義者和現(xiàn)代主義者之間就一直在醞釀著一場(chǎng)沖突。原教旨主義者堅(jiān)持嚴(yán)格按照字面意義去理解《舊約全書(shū)》，而現(xiàn)代主義者則接受查爾斯o達(dá)爾文的進(jìn)化論--認(rèn)為一切動(dòng)物，包括猿和人，都是由同一個(gè)祖先進(jìn)化而來(lái)的。
在田納西州，原教旨主義勢(shì)力很強(qiáng)，州立法機(jī)構(gòu)最近還通過(guò)了一項(xiàng)法令，禁止公開(kāi)講授"任何否定《圣經(jīng)》上宣講的創(chuàng)世說(shuō)的理論。"這項(xiàng)新法規(guī)的矛頭直接指向了達(dá)爾文的進(jìn)化論。有位名叫喬治o拉普利亞的工程師因反對(duì)這項(xiàng)法規(guī)常和當(dāng)?shù)厝诉M(jìn)行辯論。有一次辯論中，拉普利亞說(shuō)，任何人要講授生物學(xué)，就不能不講進(jìn)化論。因?yàn)槲揖褪侵v授生物學(xué)的，所以他們便把我叫去作證。
"拉普利亞是對(duì)的，"我對(duì)他們說(shuō)。
"那么說(shuō)，你在觸犯法律，"他們中的一位說(shuō)。
"所有其他的教師也都在觸犯法律，"我回答說(shuō)。"亨特所著的《生物學(xué)基礎(chǔ)》中就講到了進(jìn)化論，那是我們使用的教科書(shū)。"
于是拉普利亞提出一個(gè)建議。"讓我們將此事交付法庭判決，"他說(shuō)，"以檢驗(yàn)其是否合法。"
當(dāng)我于五月七日被正式起訴時(shí)，誰(shuí)也不曾料到，我本人更沒(méi)有料到我的這件案子竟會(huì)越鬧越大，以至成為美國(guó)歷史上最著名的庭審案例之一。美國(guó)公民自由聯(lián)合會(huì)宣布：如有必要，聯(lián)合會(huì)將把我的案子提交美國(guó)最高法院審理，"以確保教師不至于因講授真理而被送進(jìn)監(jiān)獄。"接著，布萊恩自告奮勇地要協(xié)助州政府方面對(duì)我進(jìn)行起訴。著名律師克拉倫斯o達(dá)羅也立即主動(dòng)提出要替我辯護(hù)。具有諷刺意味的是，在這次審判之前我并不認(rèn)識(shí)達(dá)羅，但我卻見(jiàn)過(guò)布萊恩，那是我念大學(xué)的時(shí)候，他來(lái)校作過(guò)演講。我很欽佩他，盡管我并不贊同他的觀點(diǎn)。
到七月十日庭審開(kāi)始的時(shí)候，我們這個(gè)擁有一千五百人口的小鎮(zhèn)上呈現(xiàn)出一派看馬戲似的熱鬧氣氛。大街兩旁的建筑物上都掛起了彩旗。在法院的三層紅磚房子周?chē)慕值郎贤蝗幻俺隽嗽S多搖搖晃晃的攤販貨架，出售的是熱狗、宗教書(shū)籍和西瓜。福音傳教士們也在街上搭起帳篷向行人傳教布道。附近一帶的山區(qū)居民，其中多半是原教旨主義者，也紛紛趕到鎮(zhèn)上來(lái)為布萊恩吶喊助威，打擊那些"外來(lái)的異教徒"。他們當(dāng)中就有具體起草了那條反進(jìn)化論法令的約翰o巴特勒。巴特勒是一位四十九歲的農(nóng)場(chǎng)主，在當(dāng)選之前還從未跨出過(guò)自己的縣境。
主審法官名叫約翰o勞爾斯頓，是一位面色紅潤(rùn)的男人。他操著濃重的地方口音高聲說(shuō)道："我只是個(gè)平平常常的山區(qū)法官。"布萊恩的樣子老態(tài)龍鐘，大腹便便。協(xié)助他進(jìn)行起訴工作的有他的兒 1 85子--也是個(gè)律師--及田納西州年輕有為的檢察長(zhǎng)湯姆o斯圖爾特。我的辯護(hù)人當(dāng)中則除了六十八歲的精明老練的達(dá)羅外，還有英俊瀟灑、富于魅力的四十三歲的達(dá)德雷o(hù)費(fèi)爾德o馬隆和文質(zhì)彬彬、學(xué)識(shí)豐富，尤其精通法學(xué)的阿瑟o伽費(fèi)爾德o黑斯。在一場(chǎng)宗教起著關(guān)鍵作用的審判案中，達(dá)羅是個(gè)不可知論者，馬隆是個(gè)天主教徒，而黑斯則是個(gè)猶太教徒。我的父親也特意從肯塔基州趕來(lái)陪我面對(duì)這次審判。
法官請(qǐng)了一位當(dāng)?shù)氐哪翈熤鞒珠_(kāi)庭禱告儀式，接著審判便開(kāi)始了。陪審團(tuán)的十二名成員中，有三人除《圣經(jīng)》之外再?zèng)]有念過(guò)什么別的書(shū)，還有一人則根本不識(shí)字。難怪我父親氣呼呼地罵道："真是他媽狗屁的陪審團(tuán)!"
履行完規(guī)定的法律訴訟程序之后，達(dá)羅站起來(lái)開(kāi)始發(fā)言了。"我的朋友檢察長(zhǎng)先生方才告訴我們說(shuō)約翰o司科普斯知道他為什么會(huì)被帶上法庭，"達(dá)羅拖長(zhǎng)著聲音說(shuō)。"我也知道他為什么會(huì)被帶上法庭。那是因?yàn)橛廾梁推?jiàn)還很猖獗，而且這兩者又結(jié)合在一起，形成一股強(qiáng)大的勢(shì)力。"
達(dá)羅在熱得像烘箱似的法庭里來(lái)回踱著方步。"今天受攻擊的是教師，"他接著說(shuō)道，"明天就會(huì)輪到雜志、書(shū)籍和報(bào)紙。要不了多久，社會(huì)上便會(huì)是一種人與人為仇，教派與教派為敵的局面，直到我們的社會(huì)大踏步地退回到十六世紀(jì)那光輝的年代，那時(shí)如果有誰(shuí)膽敢給人類(lèi)帶來(lái)智慧、知識(shí)和文化，就會(huì)被那些愚昧的偏執(zhí)狂們點(diǎn)燃柴堆活活燒死。"
他的話音剛落，就聽(tīng)到一個(gè)婦女高聲咕嘟了一句："這個(gè)該死的異教徒!"
第二天，控方開(kāi)始傳喚證人出庭作證。出庭作證的是我的兩個(gè)學(xué)生，他們一邊羞澀地對(duì)我傻笑，一邊向法庭證明說(shuō)我向他們宣講過(guò)進(jìn)化論，但又補(bǔ)充說(shuō)他們并沒(méi)有因此而受到毒害。一個(gè)叫霍華德.摩根的聰明的十四歲小男孩作證說(shuō)我對(duì)他們講過(guò)，人也像牛、馬、狗、貓一樣是哺乳動(dòng)物。
"他沒(méi)有說(shuō)貓和人完全一樣吧?"達(dá)羅問(wèn)。
"沒(méi)有，先生，"那孩子說(shuō)道。"他說(shuō)人是有思維能力的。" "這話怕不一定對(duì)哩，"達(dá)羅哼著鼻子說(shuō)。
證人作證完畢后，布萊恩起立向陪審團(tuán)陳辭。問(wèn)題很簡(jiǎn)單，他說(shuō)，"基督徒相信人來(lái)自天上，進(jìn)化論者則認(rèn)為人一定是來(lái)自地下。"旁聽(tīng)的群眾忍不住咯咯地笑了起來(lái)，布萊恩也就越說(shuō)越起勁，他一只手揮動(dòng)著一本生物學(xué)教科書(shū)，一邊口中發(fā)話譴責(zé)那些來(lái)到戴頓為我作證的科學(xué)家們。
"《圣經(jīng)》，"他用洪亮的嗓音大喊大叫道，"是不會(huì)被那些千里迢迢趕來(lái)作證的學(xué)者專(zhuān)家們趕出這個(gè)法庭的。這些專(zhuān)家們來(lái)到這里的目的是想證明主張人類(lèi)祖先來(lái)自叢林的進(jìn)化論和上帝按照天機(jī)，依其形象創(chuàng)造人類(lèi)并安排到這個(gè)世界上來(lái)的看法，是并行不悖的。"
他講完話時(shí)，下巴翹得老高，眼里閃著光芒，聽(tīng)眾席中立刻爆發(fā)出喝采的掌聲和"阿門(mén)"的喊聲。但似乎還是缺少了一點(diǎn)什么東西。昔日當(dāng)布萊恩如燎原的烈火般席卷政界時(shí)表現(xiàn)出的那種火熱的激情已消失殆盡。聽(tīng)眾們似乎覺(jué)得他們的這位英雄沒(méi)能充分發(fā)揮出應(yīng)有的辯才將那些異端分子打個(gè)落花流水。
達(dá)德雷o(hù)費(fèi)爾德o馬隆跳起來(lái)反駁布萊恩。"布萊恩可不是唯一有資格為《圣經(jīng)》辯護(hù)的人，"他說(shuō)。"在我們這一國(guó)度，還有些人將自己的全部生命都奉獻(xiàn)給了上帝和宗教。而布萊恩先生卻滿(mǎn)腔熱情地將自己的大半生命獻(xiàn)給了政治。"布萊恩從水杯中呷了一口水，馬隆說(shuō)話的音調(diào)隨之變得越來(lái)越高。他呼吁學(xué)術(shù)自由并指責(zé)布萊恩存心在科學(xué)與宗教之間挑起一場(chǎng)殊死決斗。
"從來(lái)沒(méi)有人能同真理決斗，"他大聲怒吼，"真理從來(lái)都是勝利者--我們并不害怕這一點(diǎn)。真理不需要布萊恩先生。真理是永存的、不朽的，而且并不需要依靠人的力量去維護(hù)它!"
馬隆發(fā)言結(jié)束時(shí)，場(chǎng)上出現(xiàn)了一陣沉默，但接著法庭里便爆發(fā)出一陣暴風(fēng)驟雨般的掌聲.超過(guò)了剛才為布萊恩發(fā)出的掌聲。然而，盡管馬隆在同布萊恩進(jìn)行的這場(chǎng)舌戰(zhàn)中取得了勝利，法官還是決定不許在座的科學(xué)家們?yōu)檗q方作證。
休庭期間，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)戴頓鎮(zhèn)的街頭巷尾到處擠滿(mǎn)了陌生人，每個(gè)角落里都有一些小商小販在叫賣(mài)貨物。有家商店的招牌上寫(xiě)道：達(dá)爾文：沒(méi)錯(cuò)--就在里面。(這是小達(dá)爾文的服裝店。)還有一個(gè)承包商租了一個(gè)商店櫥窗來(lái)展出一只猿猴。有些人便花錢(qián)去觀看這只猿猴，并思量著自己是否可能與它有什么淵源。
"這只可憐的畜牲雙手捂住眼睛，蜷縮在一個(gè)角落里，"一位記者這樣寫(xiě)道，"生怕人猿同源是真的。"
HoL。門(mén)肯穿著短褲，一邊吹著電扇，一邊寫(xiě)出了一些含辛辣諷刺意味的電訊文稿。由于他在文中將當(dāng)?shù)鼐用穹Q(chēng)作"鄉(xiāng)巴佬"，因此人們議論著要將他驅(qū)逐出鎮(zhèn)。二十二個(gè)報(bào)務(wù)員每天要拍發(fā)十六萬(wàn)五千字的報(bào)道這場(chǎng)庭審的電文。
由于天氣炎熱，加之又擔(dān)心古老的法庭地板會(huì)因承受不住人群的重量而坍塌，審判活動(dòng)改在戶(hù)外楓樹(shù)蔭下繼續(xù)進(jìn)行。前來(lái)觀審的有兩千多人，他們有的坐在長(zhǎng)條木凳上，有的蹲在草地上，有的趴在停放著的汽車(chē)的車(chē)頂上，還有的人則從窗戶(hù)里傻呆呆地伸長(zhǎng)脖子向外張望?！ 〗又鴮徟械母叱钡絹?lái)了。由于反進(jìn)化論法律條文的限制，控方只得堅(jiān)持《圣經(jīng)》必須嚴(yán)格按字面意義解釋的立場(chǎng)。這時(shí)，達(dá)羅突然打出他的王牌，點(diǎn)名要布萊恩充當(dāng)辯方證人。法官也滿(mǎn)臉驚訝。"我們要他當(dāng)證人是因?yàn)樗恰妒ソ?jīng)》研究專(zhuān)家，"達(dá)羅說(shuō)道。"作為經(jīng)學(xué)權(quán)威，他的聲譽(yù)是舉世公認(rèn)的。"
布萊恩滿(mǎn)心狐疑，不知那詭計(jì)多端的達(dá)羅葫蘆里在賣(mài)什么藥，但他又不能不接受這一挑戰(zhàn)。多年來(lái)他一直在講解《圣經(jīng)》，并且還曾圍繞《圣經(jīng)》著書(shū)立說(shuō)。甚至在反進(jìn)化論法令通過(guò)之前，他就在田納西州發(fā)動(dòng)過(guò)反達(dá)爾文主義的運(yùn)動(dòng)。這時(shí)，只見(jiàn)他剛毅果敢地握著一把芭蕉扇，像是拿它當(dāng)成一把退敵的利劍似的，大步流星地向證人席走去。
在達(dá)羅的平靜語(yǔ)調(diào)套問(wèn)下，他承認(rèn)自己對(duì)《圣經(jīng)》的字字句句深信不疑，旁觀的人群對(duì)他的激昂的回答不時(shí)和以熱烈的"阿門(mén)，，的喊聲。
達(dá)羅翻開(kāi)《創(chuàng)世紀(jì)》念道："夜盡晨來(lái)乃第一天也。''接下來(lái)他問(wèn)布萊恩是否相信太陽(yáng)是第四天創(chuàng)造出來(lái)的，布萊恩回答說(shuō)他相信。
"沒(méi)有太陽(yáng)之前又怎么會(huì)有早晨和晚上呢?"達(dá)羅問(wèn)道。
布萊恩悶聲不響地擦拭著自己的禿頂。人群中傳出陣陣暗笑聲，連一些虔誠(chéng)的基督徒也在發(fā)笑。達(dá)羅一面捻弄著他的眼鏡，一面繼續(xù)發(fā)問(wèn)。他問(wèn)布萊恩是否相信有關(guān)夏娃的故事字字句句都是真實(shí)的，布萊恩作了肯定的回答。
"那末你也相信上帝為了懲罰引誘夏娃的那條蛇便讓所有蛇類(lèi)從那以后永遠(yuǎn)匍匐爬行的故事是真的了?"
"我相信那是真的。"
"好哇，那么你是否知道那以前蛇類(lèi)是如何行走的呢?"
觀審的人群哄地笑了起來(lái)。布萊恩氣得臉色發(fā)青，盛怒之下他調(diào)門(mén)提高了，手里拿著的扇子一個(gè)勁兒抖動(dòng)著。
"法官大人，"他說(shuō)。"我即刻就要回答達(dá)羅先生的所有問(wèn)題。我要讓世界知道這個(gè)不信上帝的人正在利用田納西州的法庭誹謗上帝……"
"我反對(duì)這種說(shuō)法，"達(dá)羅大聲叫道。"我只是在考驗(yàn)?zāi)愕哪切┯薮赖南敕?，世界上沒(méi)有哪個(gè)有知識(shí)的基督徒會(huì)相信你的那些想法。"
法官敲響小木槌止住了喧嘩聲，隨即宣布休庭，次日再審。
布萊恩孤零零地站在那兒。當(dāng)觀眾們紛紛從他身邊擠過(guò)去同達(dá)羅握手時(shí)，我的心替這位昔日的英雄難過(guò)起來(lái)。
第二天中午，陪審團(tuán)受命對(duì)此案進(jìn)行裁決。陪審員們離席退到草坪的一角，只低聲議論了九分鐘，結(jié)果是判決被告有罪。我被罰款一百美元，并支付訴訟費(fèi)用。
達(dá)德雷o(hù)費(fèi)爾德o馬隆稱(chēng)這次庭審結(jié)果對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)是一次"勝利的敗仗"。有幾家南方報(bào)紙，出于對(duì)他們那位已失去昔日光彩的英雄的忠誠(chéng)，稱(chēng)這次審判結(jié)果為布萊恩的勝利，并為之歡呼。可布萊恩本人卻因傷心勞神過(guò)度，審判結(jié)束后才過(guò)了兩天便在戴頓去世。
學(xué)校要請(qǐng)我回去繼續(xù)擔(dān)任原先的教學(xué)職務(wù)，但我謝絕了。有幾位前來(lái)為我作證的教授已為我爭(zhēng)取到了一份芝加哥大學(xué)的獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金，因而我得以繼續(xù)進(jìn)修自然科學(xué)。.后來(lái)，我成為一家石油公司的地質(zhì)學(xué)專(zhuān)家。
前不久，我在那次審判三十七年之后第一次重返戴頓。在我眼中，小鎮(zhèn)景物依舊，只是多了一所威廉o詹寧斯o布萊恩大學(xué)，它坐落在一個(gè)小山坡上，俯視著下面的山谷。
還有一o些其他方面的變化。進(jìn)化論已經(jīng)可以在田納西州公開(kāi)講授了，盡管那條曾判我有罪的法令仍未廢除。由克拉倫斯o達(dá)羅和達(dá)德雷o(hù)費(fèi)爾德o馬隆在戴頓鎮(zhèn)的小小法庭上掀起的那些辯論風(fēng)暴猶如一股清風(fēng)吹遍了美國(guó)的學(xué)校和立法機(jī)關(guān)，隨之而來(lái)的是日漸增長(zhǎng)的思想自由和學(xué)術(shù)自由的新氣象。
(摘自《讀者文摘》1962年7月)
詞匯(Vocabulary)
sweltering ( adj.) :that swelters or suffers from the heat;very hot;sultry熱得發(fā)昏的;酷熱
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counsel ( n.) :a lawyer or group of lawyers giving advice about legal matters and representing clients in court辯護(hù)律師;法律顧問(wèn);辯護(hù)人
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silver-tongued ( adj.) :eloquent;persuasive雄辯的;口才流利的
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orator ( n.) :a skilled，eloquent public speaker雄辯家
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jury ( n.) :a group of people sworn to hear the evidence and inquire into the facts in a law case，and to give decision in accordance with their findings陪審團(tuán)
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erupt ( v.) :burst forth or out，as from some restraint進(jìn)發(fā);爆發(fā);噴出
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clash ( n.) :a sharp disagreement;conflict抵觸;沖突;意見(jiàn)不一致;對(duì)立
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fundamentalism ( n.) :religious beliefs based on a literal interpretation of everything in the Bible and regarded as fundamental to Christian faith and morals原教旨主義(相信《圣經(jīng)》所記載的傳統(tǒng)的基督教信仰，反對(duì)較為近代的教義)
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legislature ( n.) :a body of persons given the responsibility and power to make laws for a country or state(esp. the lawmaking body of a state，corresponding to the U.S.Congress)立法機(jī)構(gòu)(尤指美國(guó)的州議會(huì))
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prohibit ( v.) :refuse to permit;forbid by law or by an order禁止;不準(zhǔn)
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legality ( n.) :quality，condition，or instance of being legal or lawful;conformity with the law合法性
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indict ( v.) :accuse;charge with the commission of a cime; esp. make formal accusation against on the basis of positive legal evidence usually said of the action of a grand jury控告， 控訴;指控，告發(fā)，對(duì)……起訴
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prosecute (v.) :institute legal proceedings against，or conduct criminal proceedings in court against對(duì)……起訴
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festoon ( v.) :adorn or hang with festoons飾以(或懸掛)花彩，結(jié)彩于
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sprout (v.) :grow or develop rapidly迅速生長(zhǎng)，迅速發(fā)展
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rickety ( adj.) :1iable to fall or break down because weak;shaky易倒的;易垮的;不結(jié)實(shí)的;不穩(wěn)固的
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evangelist ( n.) :anyone who evangelizes(esp. a traveling preacher or a revivalist)福音傳教士(尤指巡回說(shuō)教者或信仰復(fù)興者)
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exhort ( v.) :urge earnestly by advice，warning，etc.規(guī)勸，勸告，勸戒
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infidel ( n.) :a person who holds no religious belief無(wú)宗教信仰者，不信宗教者
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florid ( adj. ) : flushed with red or pink(said of the complexion)(臉色)紅潤(rùn)的
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paunchy ( adj. ) :[derog. or humor](esp. of a man)having a fat stomach[貶或幽](尤指男性)大腹便便的
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attorney ( n.) :.any person legally empowered to act as agent for. or in behalf of，another(esp. a lawyer)(被當(dāng)事人授權(quán)的法律事務(wù)中的)代理人
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shrewd ( adj.) :keen-witted，clever，astute or sharp in practical affairs機(jī)敏的;精明的;伶俐的
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magnetic ( adj.) :vpowerfully attractive(said of a person，personality，etc.)有吸引力的;有魅力的(指人或個(gè)性等)
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steep ( v.) :immense，saturate，absorb，or imbue(esp. used as steeped鋤：thoroughly filled or familiar with)沉浸;埋頭于(尤用作steeped in充滿(mǎn)著;沉湎于;精通)
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agnostic ( n.) :a person who believes that the human mind cannot know whether there is a God or an ultimate cause，or anything beyond material phenomena;atheist不可知論者
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growl (v.) :complain in an angry or surly manner牢騷滿(mǎn)腹地說(shuō)
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spar ( v. ) :wrangle or dispute爭(zhēng)論;爭(zhēng)吵
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drawl ( v.) :speak slowly，prolonging the vowels慢慢吞吞地說(shuō)
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bigotry ( n.) :the behavior，attitude，or beliefs of a bigot：intolerance;prejudice偏執(zhí)的行為(或態(tài)度、信念等);偏執(zhí);頑固;偏見(jiàn)
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rampant ( adj. ) :spreading unchecked;widespread蔓延的;猖獗的
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faggot ( n.) :a bundle of sticks，twigs，or branches(esp. for use as fuel)柴捆;柴把
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contaminate ( v.) :make impure，infected，corrupt，etc.使感染，傳染，毒害
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mammal ( n.) :any of a large class of warm-blooded. usually hairy vertebrates whose off springs are fed with milk secreted by female mammary glands哺乳動(dòng)物
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snort ( v.) :wave，shake. or exhibit in a menacing, challenging，or exultant way(威脅地、挑戰(zhàn)似地、狂喜地)揮舞
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denounce ( v.) :condemn strongly as evil譴責(zé)，指責(zé)，痛斥
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sonorous ( adj. ) :having a powerful，impressive sound(聲音)響亮的;洪亮的
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reconcile ( adj. ) :settle(a quarrel，etc.)or compose(a difference，etc.)調(diào)解;調(diào)和;使一致;使相符
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divine ( adj. ) :given or inspired by God;holy;sacred神授的，天賜的;神圣的
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fervour ( n.) :great warmth of emotion;ardor;zeal;passion熱烈;熱情，熱心，熱誠(chéng)
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arena ( n.) :any sphere of struggle or conflict競(jìng)爭(zhēng)場(chǎng)所;活動(dòng)場(chǎng)所
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prairie ( n.) :a large area of level or slightly rolling grassland大草原
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scorch (v.) :char，discolor，or damage the surface of sth. by superficial burning;burn;make a caustic attack on;assail scathingly;excoriate燒焦;烤焦;挖苦;嚴(yán)厲指責(zé)(或批評(píng))
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pop ( v.) :[colloq.]arise;happen or arrive unexpectedly[口]突然發(fā)生，突然出現(xiàn)，突然來(lái)到
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duel ( n.) :any contest or encounter suggesting such a fight，usually between two persons(常指兩人間的)爭(zhēng)斗，沖突，斗爭(zhēng)
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hush ( n.) :absence of noise;quiet;silence寂靜，平靜，安靜;默不作聲，沉默
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adjourn ( v. ) :close a session or meeting for the day or for a time休會(huì)，閉會(huì);延期
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swarm (v.) :be filled or crowded;teem(with)充滿(mǎn)，被擠滿(mǎn)(常與with連用)
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hawker ( n.) :a person who hawks goods in the street;peddle;huckster(沿街叫賣(mài)的)小販
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entrepreneur ( n.) :[Fr.]a person who organizes and manages a business undertaking.assuming the risk for the sake of the profit[法語(yǔ)]企業(yè)家
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ape ( n.) :any of a family(Pongidae)of large，tailless monkeys that can stand and walk in an almost erect position猿
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ponder ( v.) :weigh mentally;think deeply about;consider carefully默想;深思;考慮
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cower ( v.) :shrink and tremble，as from someone's anger，threats，or blow(因別人發(fā)怒、威脅或打擊而)畏縮;發(fā)抖，哆嗦
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sulphurous ( adj.) :violently emotional;heated;fiery異常激動(dòng)的;激烈的;暴怒的
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dispatch ( n.) :a news story sent to a newspaper，radio station，etc.，as by a special reporter or news agency(特派記者或新聞社發(fā)給報(bào)社、電臺(tái)的)(新聞)電訊，電文，通訊
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yokel ( n.) :[a contemptuous term]a person living in a rural area;rustic;country bumpkin[貶]鄉(xiāng)巴佬，土包子
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perch ( v.) :alight or rest on or as on a perch棲息;停歇;坐在高處
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gawk ( v.) :stare like a gawk，in a stupid way(像呆子般)呆呆地盯著，呆視
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wily ( adj.) :full of wiles;crafty;sly狡猾的;狡詐的;詭計(jì)多端的
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repel ( v.) :drive or force back;hold or ward off擊退;抵擋住
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fervent ( adj.) :having or showing great warmth of feeling;intensely devoted or earnest;ardent;passionate熱烈的，滿(mǎn)懷熱情的，熱心的，深表熱誠(chéng)的;強(qiáng)烈的
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Genesis ( n.) :the first book of the Bible，giving an account of the creation of the universe《創(chuàng)世紀(jì)》(《圣經(jīng)·舊約》的首卷)
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snigger ( n.) :a sly，derisive，partly stifled laugh竊笑;暗笑
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twirl (v.) :rotate rapidly;spin(使)快速旋轉(zhuǎn)，(使)迅速轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)
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serpent ( n.) :a snake，esp. a large or poisonous one蛇(尤指大蛇或毒蛇)
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livid ( adj.) :grayish-blue;pale;lead-colored青灰色的;鉛色的
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slur ( n.) :any remark or action that harms or is meant to harm someone's reputation;aspersion，reproach，stigma，etc.誹謗;污辱;詆毀，中傷，破壞……的名譽(yù)
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gavel ( n.) :a small mallet rapped on the table by a presiding officer in calling for attention or silence or by an auctioneer(會(huì)議主席、法官或拍賣(mài)商用以敲擊桌子的)小木槌，議事槌
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quell ( v. ) :crush;subdue;put an end to鎮(zhèn)壓;平息
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hubbub ( n.) :a confused sound of many voices;noise;uproar;tumult吵鬧聲，喧嘩，喧囂;鼎沸;騷動(dòng)
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forlorn (adj.) :abandoned or deserted被拋棄的;被遺棄的;孤獨(dú)的，寂寞的/forlornly adv.
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verdict ( n.) :the formal and unanimous finding of a jury on the matter submitted to them in a trial裁定;判決
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conviction ( n.) :a convicting 0r being convicted證明有罪;(被)判罪;定罪
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短語(yǔ) (Expressions)
adhere to : continue to obey or maintain(esp，a rule，standard or belief)堅(jiān)持，忠于
例： She adheres to her principles throughout her teaching career. 她在整個(gè)教學(xué)生涯中始終堅(jiān)持自己的原則。
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take on : begin to have呈現(xiàn)
例： Her voice took on a troubled tone.她的聲音里有些不安。
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under way: begin，start(開(kāi)始)進(jìn)行，在前進(jìn)中。
例： We have several plans under way.我們已將幾項(xiàng)計(jì)劃付諸實(shí)施
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