如何解決托福閱讀讀懂了但是做錯了的問題

無論是語文考試還是外語考試，我們都會遇到這么一個問題，那就是文章讀懂了，明明白白的，但是一讀就懂，一做就廢。在托福閱讀上，存在此問題的考生數(shù)量也是不少的，在此小編給各位考試解讀下。其實，你真的讀懂了嗎？從下面的例子中來分析一下吧！

首先說一下所謂的”文章已經(jīng)讀懂了”，有時，這個讀懂只是感覺讀懂，但實際并未讀懂。

The water was always laden with pebbles, gravel, and sand, known as glacial outwash, that was deposited as the flow slowed down. (TPO1-Groundwater)

The phrase “glacial outwash” in the passage refers to

A: fast rivers

B: glaciers

C: the huge volumes of water created by glacial melting

D: the particles carried in water from melting glaciers

翻譯1：水通常滿載著鵝卵石，碎石和沙子，被稱之為glacial outwash(由于考題問到，筆者在此不做翻譯)，被沉積下來，當(dāng)水流緩慢的時候。

不知看了這個翻譯后有何感覺。雖然基本翻譯出了文字的意思，但這就是感覺讀懂!只有如上的翻譯，信息之間沒有明確的關(guān)系。很多同學(xué)甚至?xí)霈F(xiàn)信息混合搭配的幻覺。

請先獨立思考以下兩個問題：1. glacial outwash到底指的是誰? 2. 水流緩慢下來的時候，什么東西被沉積下來?

這兩個問題是上述中文翻譯中完全無法回答的。那么我們回到原文重新看一下，原文實際上應(yīng)該翻譯為?

翻譯2：水通常滿載著鵝卵石，碎石和沙子，(鵝卵石，碎石和沙子)被稱之為glacial outwash，(沙子)被沉積下來，當(dāng)水流緩慢的時候。

看了翻譯2也許會感到很驚訝，但這才是真正的讀懂了。

翻譯2比翻譯1多考慮了什么呢?實際上，就是語法。

對于第.一個問題：glacial outwash指的是誰?本質(zhì)是在問非謂語動詞結(jié)構(gòu)known as 的邏輯主語是誰?

根據(jù)非謂語動詞中過去分詞的特點，做修飾成分時，優(yōu)先考慮就近名詞成分作邏輯主語。就近名詞成分有兩種可能性：第.一、可以是sand;第二、也可認(rèn)為是pebbles, gravel, and sand構(gòu)成的名詞整體，沒有其他語法語義的特殊要求，則應(yīng)該先考慮整體，因此known as 的邏輯主語為pebbles, gravel, and sand。

所以剛才的題的答案為第4個選項。

對于第二個問題：什么東西被沉積下來?本質(zhì)是在問that was deposited中的that代替誰?

首先，that不能代替就近的glacial outwash。我們曾經(jīng)在中學(xué)都學(xué)過定語從句，定語從句分為限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句。限定性定語從句中that和先行詞之間不能有逗號，說明that不能代替glacial outwash。那么跳過”, known as glacial outwash,”這一分隔結(jié)構(gòu)，that等于直接連接在pebble, gravel, and sand后。但為何沒有代替pebble, gravel, and sand而只代替sand呢?因為that后連接的是was，根據(jù)主謂一致，that必須代替單數(shù)或不可數(shù)成分，所以不能整體代替，只能代替sand。

那么要想真正的讀懂一句話，我們不僅要翻譯出字面意思，更應(yīng)該根據(jù)出現(xiàn)的語法結(jié)構(gòu)，認(rèn)清句子各部分信息之間的關(guān)系。只有這樣才是真的懂。

第二，原文字面翻譯正確，但隱含意思并未理解。

Inequalities of wealth and rank certainly exist, and have probably existed in most pastoralist societies, but except in periods of military conquest, they are normally too slight to generate the stable, hereditary hierarchies that are usually implied by the use of the term class. Inequalities of gender have also existed in pastoralist societies, but they seem to have been softened by the absence of steep hierarchies of wealth in most communities, and also by the requirement that women acquire most of the skills of men, including, often, their military skills. (TPO14-Pastoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia)

According to the paragraph, all of the following are true of social inequality in pastoralist societies EXCEPT:

A: It exists and has existed to some degree in most pastoral societies.

B: It is most marked during periods of military conquest.

C: It is expressed in the form of a rigid hierarchy based largely on heredity.

D: It is usually too insignificant to be discussed in terms of class differences.

(注意：本題是否定事實信息題，排除三個描述正確的選項，選擇一個描述錯誤的選項)

本題最容易誤選的是第2個選項，但正確答案是第3個選項，詞匯的難度相對較大，建議考生多背單詞，并理解單詞的本質(zhì)意思。

答案為何不是第2個選項?

請看相關(guān)原文”but except in periods of military conquest, they are normally too slight to generate the stable, hereditary hierarchies that are usually implied by the use of the term class”

字面意思是：但是除了在軍事征戰(zhàn)時期，不平等一般太微弱而未產(chǎn)生穩(wěn)定的(用術(shù)語”階級”來暗示表達(dá)的)世襲等級。

原文”除了軍事征戰(zhàn)時期”，所說的實際上就是”非軍事征戰(zhàn)時期”

所以得出下表：

顯然，軍事征戰(zhàn)時期，不平等不是太微弱。

兩個時期相對而言，軍事征戰(zhàn)時期就成為了不平等相對最顯著地時期。因此選項2是描述正確的選項，故排除。

該選項的排除，運用到的是托福考試中常見的一個推斷思路。也就是說，我們不僅要理解字面意思，還需要理解作者暗示的內(nèi)容。

第三，原文確實讀懂，但沒有仔細(xì)審題。

Efforts to control Spartina outside its natural environment have included burning, flooding, shading plants with black canvas or plastic, smothering the plants with dredged materials or clay, applying herbicide, and mowing repeatedly. Little success has been reported in New Zealand and England; Washington State’s management program has tried many of these methods and is presently using the herbicide glyphosphate to control its spread. Work has begun to determine the feasibility of using insects as biological controls, but effective biological controls are considered years away. Even with a massive effort, it is doubtful that complete eradication of Spartina from nonnative habitats is possible, for it has become an integral part of these shorelines and estuaries during the last 100 to 200 years. (TPO22-Spartina)

According to the paragraph, each of the following methods has been used in attempts to control Spartina EXCEPT

A: flooding plants

B: cutting plants down repeatedly

C: applying herbicides

D: introducing predatory insects

本題答案為4個選項，容易誤選的是第2個選項，錯選2還是因為單詞量不夠，mow不清楚是什么意思。

本題選對的關(guān)鍵點在于題干的時態(tài)，has been used應(yīng)該翻譯為已經(jīng)被使用，第4個選項雖然原文提及，但并非已經(jīng)被使用的控制方法。

第四，沒有仔細(xì)看選項，感覺讀懂，與原文感覺相近產(chǎn)生的誤選。

The weather, in its many forms, is the main agent of erosion. Rain washes away loose soil and penetrates cracks in the rocks. Carbon dioxide in the air reacts with the rainwater, forming a weak acid (carbonic acid) that may chemically attack the rocks. The rain seeps underground and the water may reappear later as springs. These springs are the sources of streams and rivers, which cut through the rocks and carry away debris from the mountains to the lowlands.

Why does the author mention Carbon dioxide in the passage?

A: To explain the origin of a chemical that can erode rocks

B: To contrast carbon dioxide with carbonic acid

C: To give an example of how rainwater penetrates soil

D: To argue for the desirability of preventing erosion

本題正確答案為第1個選項。容易誤選的是第3個選項。請觀察：penetrates這一動作在原文作用的對象是誰?對，是cracks in the rocks而非soil，對于soil的動作應(yīng)該是washes away.本質(zhì)意思并不相同。打個比方，”買書，看猩猩”，改成”看書，買猩猩”，完全不是一個意思。

綜上分析，看原文、理解字面和隱含意義、審題，看選項，任何一個環(huán)節(jié)出現(xiàn)理解不準(zhǔn)確都有可能造成選錯。所以，真正的讀懂，不只是針對原文單詞的翻譯，還應(yīng)該包括語法，邏輯以及隱含之意的全面理解。