托福閱讀中的長(zhǎng)難句簡(jiǎn)化原則

　　托福閱讀中有著幾種題型是每次考試都愛出現(xiàn)的，其中托福閱讀試題中的句子簡(jiǎn)化題便是一個(gè)，這種托福閱讀題如果不會(huì)正確的方法可能會(huì)耽誤不少時(shí)間，下面就來詳細(xì)介紹一下這個(gè)問題。

　　句子簡(jiǎn)化的托福閱讀試題可分為兩種類型，那解答這種托福閱讀題的方法也相應(yīng)不同：

　　種是有邏輯關(guān)系的句子。那就需要分辨是哪一種邏輯關(guān)系，常見的邏輯關(guān)系有三種：轉(zhuǎn)折、因果和比較;第二步就是要確定邏輯關(guān)系的雙方：假如是因果關(guān)系就需要確定原因和結(jié)果分別是什么。錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)往往會(huì)因果倒置;假如是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系就需要確定作者更強(qiáng)調(diào)哪一部分信息。錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)往往把次要信息放在主要的位置上(如but后面);如果是比較關(guān)系的話，就需要確定比較的雙方，比較的內(nèi)容和比較的結(jié)果。錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)往往把比較結(jié)果弄反。

　　有些托福閱讀題型句子邏輯和答案邏輯是相對(duì)應(yīng)的，優(yōu)先用邏輯解題比較簡(jiǎn)單，可以迅速正確解題，如例1。

　　Example 1 TPO5-2 The Origin of the Pacific Island People

　　Contrary to the arguments of some that much of the pacific was settled by Polynesians accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift, it seems reasonable that this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals.

　　9. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

　　○ Some people have argued that the Pacific was settled by traders who became lost while transporting domesticated plants and animals.

　　○ The original Polynesian settlers were probably marooned on the islands, but they may have been joined later by carefully prepared colonization expeditions.

　　○ Although it seems reasonable to believe that colonization expeditions would set out fully stocked, this is contradicted by much of the evidence.

　　○ The settlement of the Pacific islands was probably intentional and well planned rather than accidental as some people have proposed.

　　先看原句，contrary to表示一個(gè)與主干部分相反的附加信息，主干部分在逗號(hào)之后，后半句說看起來合理的是這個(gè)壯舉是由精心準(zhǔn)備的殖民遠(yuǎn)征實(shí)現(xiàn)的，他們滿載食物和動(dòng)植物。原句中出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)表示相反的邏輯關(guān)系。選項(xiàng)中只有C和D含有轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。C說盡管看起來帶著充足的食物殖民遠(yuǎn)征是合理的，但是這被很多證據(jù)反駁。原句中并沒有體現(xiàn)用證據(jù)來反駁，所以C不正確。選項(xiàng)D中的intentional and well planed對(duì)應(yīng)原句的deliberate，rather than 對(duì)應(yīng)原句開頭的contrary to，原文就是否定了意外，支持了精心準(zhǔn)備，所以D正確。

　　但是有時(shí)會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)光靠邏輯去解題，有時(shí)不會(huì)簡(jiǎn)單甚至?xí)e(cuò)誤，因?yàn)橛袝r(shí)邏輯對(duì)了但語義不對(duì)，但有些邏輯發(fā)生了改變但是卻是正確選項(xiàng)，如例2所示。

　　Example 2 TPO3-3 The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems

　　Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax communities comes not from diversity but from the “patchiness” of the environment, an environment that varies from place to place supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is uniform.

　　11.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incurred choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

　　○Ecologists now think that the stability of an environment is a result of diversity rather than patchiness.

　　○Patchy environments that vary from place to place do not often have high species diversity.

　　○Uniform environments cannot be climax communities because they do not support as many types of organisms as patchy environments.

　　○A patchy environment is thought to increase stability because it is able to support a wide variety of organisms.

　　先看句子，有not…but…表轉(zhuǎn)折，如果先通過邏輯去做題，那就直接把正確的D選項(xiàng)直接排除掉了，A,B,C都有rather than，not，not等，顯然這個(gè)方法是不行的，所以還得靠主干來做題。

　　句子中間逗號(hào)隔開，逗號(hào)之前是environment，之后是對(duì)environment的解釋，所以這個(gè)句子的重點(diǎn)在前半句，說許多的生態(tài)學(xué)家現(xiàn)在認(rèn)為 C群落的長(zhǎng)期穩(wěn)定性不是來源于多樣性，而是來源于P環(huán)境。因此這句話的核心就是P對(duì)穩(wěn)定性的決定作用。只有D與原句吻合，說P環(huán)境可以被認(rèn)為增加穩(wěn)定性，因?yàn)樗梢灾С謴V泛的各種各樣的有機(jī)體，because后面的原因與原句后半句對(duì)應(yīng)。

　　選項(xiàng)A說： 生態(tài)學(xué)家現(xiàn)在認(rèn)為穩(wěn)定性來源于多樣性而不是P。與原文相反。

　　選項(xiàng)B說： P沒有多樣性。不對(duì)，原文P環(huán)境能支持更多的物種，且它沒有說P和穩(wěn)定性的關(guān)系，也不對(duì);

　　選項(xiàng)C說： 統(tǒng)一的環(huán)境不可能是C群落，因?yàn)樗鼈儾荒芟馪一樣支持許多種類的有機(jī)體，主語Uniform environments出現(xiàn)在原句后半句，不是句子核心，所以一定不對(duì)。

　　第二種類型是沒有邏輯關(guān)系的句子，那就需要確定句子的主干成分。確定句子的主謂賓，修飾部分先不看，根據(jù)主干成分去確定選項(xiàng)(正確選項(xiàng)往往是原文的主動(dòng)變被動(dòng)、語序顛倒或同義替換)。假如有超過一個(gè)選項(xiàng)符合句子的主干成分，再去看句子的修飾成分信息是否一致。錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)往往是把原文次要信息當(dāng)作主要信息來講;或描述錯(cuò)誤信息、無中生有信息等。

　　Example 3 TPO4-1 Deer Populations of the Puget Sound

　　11.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

　　In addition to finding increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive.

　　○Arthur Einarsen’s longtime family with the Pacific Northwest ?helped ?him discover areas where deer had an increase in suitable browse.

　　○Arthur Einarsen found that deforested feeding grounds provided deer with more and better food(browse).

　　○B(yǎng)iologist like Einarsen believe it is important ?to find additional open areas with suitable browse for deer to inhabit.

　　○According to Einarsen, huckleberry and vine maple are examples of vegetation that may someday improve the nutrition of deer ?in the open areas of the Pacific Northwest.

　　句子無明顯邏輯，抓住干，句子有很多逗號(hào)，我們要先找到句子主語。開頭in addition to是附加信息不會(huì)是主語，后面like舉例子也不會(huì)是主語，再后面AE是一個(gè)人名，可能是主語，后面緊接著說生物學(xué)家，是AE的同位語，后一個(gè)小分句， found是個(gè)動(dòng)詞，是句子謂語，這句話的核心是說AE發(fā)現(xiàn)空地上的草更有營(yíng)養(yǎng)。到選項(xiàng)當(dāng)中，只有B說 Arthur Einarsen 發(fā)現(xiàn)無樹的覓食地點(diǎn)能給鹿提供更多更好的食物，這里的better對(duì)應(yīng)原句more nutritive，deforested feeding grounds對(duì)應(yīng)the open areas，因?yàn)閠he 表明前文中有提到，而前一句確實(shí)就說了deforested，因此完全對(duì)應(yīng)，本題選B。

　　選項(xiàng)A說： AE與西北太平洋的密切關(guān)系幫助他發(fā)現(xiàn)有更多合適草料的地區(qū)。西北太平洋在原句中不是重點(diǎn)，在A里卻是主語中的內(nèi)容，所以A不能選。

　　選項(xiàng)C說：像Arthur Einarsen這樣的生物學(xué)家認(rèn)為，為鹿尋找額外的開闊并擁有合適嫩草的居住區(qū)是很重要的。主語不對(duì)，且原句中沒強(qiáng)調(diào)重要性，C錯(cuò)。

　　選項(xiàng)D說：根據(jù)Einarsen，越橘和藤槭是典型植被，某日可能可以改善太平洋西北寬闊地區(qū)鹿的營(yíng)養(yǎng)。D的主語huckleberry and vine maple只是原句中l(wèi)ike分句中的例子，不是句子重點(diǎn)，所以D錯(cuò)。

　　綜上所述，句子簡(jiǎn)化題，先看句子，有邏輯優(yōu)先根據(jù)邏輯來看，但是不一定邏輯正確就是正確選項(xiàng)，還得結(jié)合內(nèi)容;無邏輯直接找主干，帶著主干信息，然后去選項(xiàng)中找答案。

　　可以看出這種托福閱讀試題如果掌握了正確的方法解決起來就簡(jiǎn)單多了，每個(gè)托福閱讀題都有自己的方法，所以希望大家能認(rèn)真對(duì)待，爭(zhēng)取在托福閱讀上有所突破。