托福閱讀經(jīng)典加試題總結(jié)

　　概述：

　　第一段：美文化和埃及文化同時(shí)，但因?yàn)槊赖牡赜蛳拗埔恢睕](méi)有統(tǒng)一。(有題)平原，經(jīng)常受到入侵，四周沙漠，生活好，不統(tǒng)一。開(kāi)頭，it is astonishing that...兩個(gè)地方在同一時(shí)間產(chǎn)生了兩種文化，并且互有交流。一個(gè)是尼羅河的埃及文化，一個(gè)是兩河流域的M地文化。埃及文化仰仗尼羅河，河水孕育了富饒的土地，兩岸有沙漠作為自然屏障。M地不一樣，河水土地narrow and shallow,周?chē)鷽](méi)有起保護(hù)作用的天然屏障

　　第二段：直到一種S人來(lái)統(tǒng)一，說(shuō)了他們的來(lái)源和歷史，他們建立了一種s文化

　　第三段：S文化的實(shí)物遺跡少，這又兩方面原因：一當(dāng)?shù)厥喜回S富二當(dāng)?shù)厝藳](méi)有厚葬的習(xí)慣。所以對(duì)S的了解主要基于文字。當(dāng)初美索不達(dá)米亞的居民生活好像挺好的，所以一直沒(méi)有人提出統(tǒng)一的想法，很久以后才有，可是由于大量的花費(fèi)在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)上什么的，很快就覆滅了。由于當(dāng)時(shí)的環(huán)境條件，那里的人們都用泥土/木頭蓋房子，所以和埃及不一樣，現(xiàn)在我們沒(méi)找到什么當(dāng)初留下的建筑物。 我們現(xiàn)在還挖出了許多陶器石板，上面刻著文字，只能通過(guò)這些推知?dú)v史。后來(lái)又變成什么蘇美爾了，這是從外面遷徙過(guò)來(lái)的民族。

　　第四段：在S文化中最重要的是宗教，每一個(gè)城市有一個(gè)local god, god無(wú)比神圣擁有一切，代表本城在她的fellow中議事。(有題)社會(huì)的經(jīng)濟(jì)市場(chǎng)就是以寺廟為中心，由牧師組織交易，所以很多的牧師紀(jì)錄都與此有關(guān)。

　　Mesopotamia culture一種civilization(文明社會(huì))還和埃及比較了一下。關(guān)于兩河civilization和Egypt civilization(埃及社會(huì))的。他們同時(shí)存在，有交流，但沒(méi)有一方壓倒另一方。Egypt的體制根兩河的政治體制不一樣，一個(gè)united under 一個(gè)聯(lián)合體制下，另外一個(gè)則由于地理?xiàng)l件的制約不存在united format聯(lián)合體制。另外兩河的文明很少有tangible substance (確實(shí)的物質(zhì))留下來(lái)，因?yàn)樗麄兊腶rchitecture structure(建筑結(jié)構(gòu))與Egypt不一樣，對(duì)他們文字的研究也是通過(guò)發(fā)掘fragment(碎片)的方法研究的。還講了兩河的local lord(封建地主),這人不是fiction的，他對(duì)他那個(gè)city state具有很大的influence，文中講到的是economic aspect(經(jīng)濟(jì)方面)同時(shí)，他傳話通過(guò)一個(gè)叫做人君的人傳話。講Mesopotamia的culture，和Egypt的文化對(duì)比。因?yàn)閮烧呤莾珊恿饔虻耐瑫r(shí)發(fā)展起來(lái)的文化(考：Mesopotamia文化是獨(dú)立于independence Egypt的文化)然后講述Mesopotamia culture的特點(diǎn)：建筑物沒(méi)有Egypt的牢固，文化沒(méi)有文字記載等。

　　答案(下方黑體標(biāo)出)

　　1.The word astonishing in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　(A) important (B) unknown (C) amazing (D) interesting

　　2. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

　　(A) A great civilization arose in Mesopotamia, the “land between the rivers” under pharaonic rule.

　　(B) Egypt and another great civilization both developed in Mesopotamia between 3500 and 3000 B.C.

　　(C) A great civilization arose in Mesopotamia between 3500 and 3000 B.C. at the same time that ancient Egyptwas being united.

　　(D) As Egypt was being united under pharaonic rule, a great civilization arose there.

　　3.The phrase its substance refers to

　　(A) the political history of ancient Mesopotamia 古代美索不達(dá)米亞政治的歷史

　　(B) divine kingship

　　(C) Egypt

　　(D) the sudden collapse of military power

　　4.The word obscure in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　(A) unclear (B) unique (C) controversial (D) important

　　5.The author mentions Nor did they share the Egyptians’ concern with the hereafter, in order to

　　(A) To provide one explanation for the relatively few physical remains of ancient Sumerian society. 為相對(duì)少的關(guān)于古代蘇美爾社會(huì)物理遺跡提供一個(gè)解釋

　　(B) To explain why ancient Sumerian built with mud brick and wood rather than with stone.

　　(C) To help account for the fact that tombs and vaulted chambers have been found only at Ur.

　　(D) To counter the claim that all ancient societies paid great attention to the afterlife.

　　6.According to the passage, it can be inferred that the City of Ur is located in

　　(A) Egypt (B) Persia (C) northern Mesopotamia

　　(D) near the confluence of Tigris and Euphrates 底格里斯河和幼發(fā)拉底河的交匯處

　　7.The word vast in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　(A) random (B) very large (C) surprising (D) relatively small

　　8.According to paragraph 2 and 3, the physical characteristics of Mesopotamia affected Sumerian civilization in all of the following ways EXCEPT:

　　(A) Foreign invasions were made easy.

　　(B) Creating and maintaining political stability was made difficult.

　　(C) Continuity of cultural and artistic traditions could not be achieved.

　　(D) Sumerian architecture could not produce long-lasting structures

　　9.Look at the four [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.

　　Despite these achievements, scholars know much less about Sumerian life than they would like. 盡管這些成就，學(xué)者們對(duì)于蘇美爾人的生活知道的更少，比起他們愛(ài)好什么而言

　　Where would the sentence best fit? 選第四方塊

　　10.According to paragraph 4, what evidence is used to support the claim that the idea of divine ownership was not “a mere pious fiction”? 對(duì)于神的所有權(quán)并不僅僅“是虔誠(chéng)的虛構(gòu)”這一論點(diǎn)支持的證據(jù)是

　　(A) The idea of divine ownership originated with the kings of Sumerian city-state.

　　(B) The idea of divine ownership was the reason why a large part of the harvest was offered to the god.

　　(C) The idea of divine ownership eventually came to replace “theocratic socialism”.

　　(D) The idea of divine ownership served as the basis for the economic organization of Sumerian society. 神的所有權(quán)服務(wù)于蘇美爾社會(huì)的經(jīng)濟(jì)組織形式的基礎(chǔ)

　　11.The word considerable in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　(A) substantial (B) fixed (C) valuable (D) limited.

　　12.In the above passage, all of the following were true of the local god EXCEPT 哪項(xiàng)不是關(guān)于當(dāng)?shù)氐纳竦氖聦?shí)

　　(A) The local god owned everything and everyone in the city-state.

　　(B) The local god represented the subjects of the city-state to other gods.

　　(C) The local god communicated with the people of the city-state through a human ruler.

　　(D) The local god sometimes fought against the local gods of rival city-states 當(dāng)?shù)氐纳裼袝r(shí)候同競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的城邦的神作戰(zhàn)

　　13. fill in a table

　　Ancient Egyptian Civilization

　　(1)政治統(tǒng)一了很久時(shí)間 (2)有相當(dāng)多建筑物遺址

　　Sumerian Civilization

　　(1)城邦city-state國(guó)家是一個(gè)特色(2)從文件中所記載(3)這一個(gè)文明受到外部侵略