托福閱讀如何提高速度

　　對于托福閱讀部分來說，速度是大部分考生需要解決的問題。但是如何能夠從讀不完到快速讀完，這是一個值得大家去深思的問題，這也需要一個過程，大家需要通過不斷的努力，才能夠達(dá)到這樣的目標(biāo)。

　　托福文章的長度在700-750字左右，完成這樣一篇長度的文章閱讀比較理想的時間是3-5分鐘，很多同學(xué)大呼不可能，“老師，我連詞都認(rèn)不全，要我在這么短時間內(nèi)一下子讀完這篇文章是不可能的”。

　　其實(shí)，大家對于“讀”的概念有一定的誤解：許多同學(xué)認(rèn)為讀完這篇文章是需要每一個詞都認(rèn)識，每一句話的內(nèi)容都是能夠百分之百理解消化。但是，這樣的閱讀方法并不適用于廣大托福考生，對于這樣長度以及難度的文章，我們并不能做到”一目十行“。那么，既然我們不能一口氣讀懂整篇文章，什么才是行之有效的閱讀方法呢?

　　我們知道，托福閱讀的出題方向分為主旨題和細(xì)節(jié)題，那么我們只需要把文章的閱讀方式也分為主旨閱讀和細(xì)節(jié)閱讀就可以了。

　　這里我們主要來談一談文章的主旨閱讀。很多同學(xué)都以為文章的主旨閱讀就是總結(jié)一下全文大意就可以了，這個理解是片面的，不完全的。其實(shí)，句子的閱讀，段落的閱讀和篇章的閱讀都有其主旨。句子的主旨閱讀就指其主謂賓，句子的閱讀技巧之前講過，這里不贅述了;段落的主旨就是指段落大意，也就是我們所說的中心句;篇章的主旨就是指文章的主旨，也就是全文的中心思想。因為時間關(guān)系，今天我們來談?wù)勎恼轮髦嫉淖x取方法。

　　1. 讀標(biāo)題

　　首先，一篇文章的結(jié)構(gòu)由標(biāo)題，開頭段，主體段以及結(jié)尾段組成。托福文章最人性化的一點(diǎn)就是三篇文章都有標(biāo)題，很多同學(xué)讀到這里會覺得：老師你這不是在說廢話嗎?不，很多人忽略了標(biāo)題的作用。分析一下TPO所有文章的標(biāo)題，大家會發(fā)現(xiàn)托福文章的標(biāo)題形式一共三種：單一型，并列型以及限定條件單一型。這樣的標(biāo)題設(shè)計最大的作用在于，預(yù)告了本文的文章結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)(因為篇幅關(guān)系，這個知識點(diǎn)此處不詳細(xì)說明)，通過固定的幾類文章結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)，我們可以預(yù)判此篇文章主要在講什么。我們來看一個例子，OG上的第一篇文章：Applied Artsand Fine Arts。

　　先來看一下這個標(biāo)題，是并列型，即有兩個討論對象，這種標(biāo)題類型的文章特點(diǎn)是全文有兩個論述對象，且排名不分前后，也就是文章會用相同的篇幅去討論這兩個對象。其次，還會有兩者相同點(diǎn)，不同點(diǎn)的比較。那么我們可以預(yù)判一下本文的主旨：比較Applied Arts and Fine Arts的特點(diǎn)。

　　可是大家想要進(jìn)一步知道：比較的特點(diǎn)是哪一些呢?標(biāo)題能夠傳遞的信息畢竟有限，所以我們需要其他的方法來深挖一下文章主旨。

　　2. 開頭段和結(jié)尾段

　　托福文章的行文結(jié)構(gòu)分為三種：總分總，總分和分總。總即代表主旨所在，所以主要會在開頭段和結(jié)尾段闡述。我們只需要精讀這兩個段落就可以了。還是以Applied Arts and Fine Arts這篇文章為例，現(xiàn)在我們來看一下開頭段：

　　Although we now tend to refer to the various crafts according to the materials used to construct them—clay, glass, wood, fiber, andmetal—it was once common to think of crafts in terms of function, which led totheir being known as the "applied arts." Approaching crafts from the point of view of function, we can divide them into simple categories: containers, shelters and supports. There is no way around the fact that containers, shelters, and supports must be functional. The applied arts are thus bound by the laws of physics, which pertain to both the materials used in their making and the substances and things to be contained, supported, and sheltered. These laws are universal in their application, regardless of cultural beliefs, geography, orclimate. If a pot has no bottom or has large openings in its sides, it couldhardly be considered a container in any traditional sense. Since the laws of physics, not some arbitrary decision, have determined the general form ofapplied-art objects, they follow basic patterns, so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits. Buildings without roofs, for example, are unusual because they depart from the norm. However, not all functional objects are exactly alike; that is why we recognize a Shang Dynastyvase as being different from an Inca vase. What varies is not the basic formbut the incidental details that do not obstruct the object's primary function.

　　如果大家迅速瀏覽一下整個段亂，會發(fā)現(xiàn)本段只出現(xiàn)了applied arts這個概念，而沒有關(guān)于fine arts的描述，那么這時候大家應(yīng)該反應(yīng)出來本文的結(jié)構(gòu)是分總，即主旨在結(jié)尾段：

　　Even though the fine arts in the twentieth century often treatmaterials in new ways, the basic difference in attitude of artists in relation totheir materials in the fine arts andthe applied arts remains relatively constant. It wouldtherefore not be too great an exaggeration to say that practitioners of the fine arts work to overcome the limitations oftheir materials, whereas those engaged in the applied arts work in concert with their materials.

　　迅速瀏覽完本段會發(fā)現(xiàn)，fine arts和applied arts這兩個概念在最后一段的都有論述。并且這句話：Itwould therefore not be too great an exaggeration to say that practitioners ofthe fine arts work to overcome the limitations oftheir materials, whereas those engaged in the applied arts work in concert with their materials. (因此，毫不夸張地說，純藝術(shù)工藝品的生產(chǎn)者需要克服原材料的限制進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)，而從事實(shí)用性工藝品的生產(chǎn)者則依據(jù)材料的性質(zhì)來進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)。)大家看到主要的對比對象是材料的使用情況。

　　3. 文章小結(jié)題的introductory sentence

　　還有一個抓住文章主旨的小竅門是大家可以參考文章小結(jié)題所給的那一句話，即introdectory sentence，這句話的作用主要就是來概括全文的中心大意，我們還是來看Applied Arts and Fine Arts這篇文章的文章小結(jié)題：

　　Q：An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete thesummary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

　　This passage discusses fundamental differences between applied-art objects and fine-art objects.