2016年4月23日托福閱讀真題答案及解析

　　2016年4月23日托福閱讀真題答案及解析!小編已經(jīng)為大家介紹了2016年4月23日托福閱讀真題的內(nèi)容，下面來(lái)看看小編為大家整理的對(duì)于本次考試的文章內(nèi)容分析，希望幫助大家掌握更多的考點(diǎn)資料。

　　詞匯題：

　　attest to=provide evidence of

　　fragments=pieces

　　painstaking=taking great effort to

　　substantial=considerable

　　configuration=arrangement

　　precise=accurate

　　distinctive=recognizable

　　in contrast to=as opposed to

　　dispersal=distribution

　　imitator=someone who copied his work

　　associated with=related to

　　第一篇：

　　題材劃分：社科類文章

　　主要內(nèi)容：

　　制造表的發(fā)展。

　　先說(shuō)以前一個(gè)master一年只能做十幾個(gè)表，特別painstaking只有富人才能買得起。后來(lái)有個(gè)人叫Elf，他簡(jiǎn)化了鐘表制造的材料，創(chuàng)新了一些設(shè)備，行了一系列變革，通過(guò)專業(yè)化啊水力啊，讓表產(chǎn)量變大，又輕，又便宜。本來(lái)特別重，不好運(yùn)輸，他就把弄得更輕了，可以掛住，不用專門做cabinet了。然后使鐘表讓中產(chǎn)階級(jí)也買得起，從精細(xì)制造變成mass production。后來(lái)他為了peddler就繼續(xù)發(fā)明創(chuàng)造，然后在1816年造出了shelf clock獲得專利，但是還是有很多人抄襲模仿，這些模仿也在一定程度上促進(jìn)了鐘表的精細(xì)化。他有個(gè)員工叫Jerome，借鑒了上一個(gè)老板的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，然后和Elf一起將鐘表變得美觀時(shí)尚又物廉價(jià)美。

　　解析：整體文章詞匯相對(duì)較簡(jiǎn)單，沒(méi)有生澀難懂的學(xué)術(shù)詞匯，只是第一篇相對(duì)而言比較難進(jìn)入狀態(tài)，所以一定要調(diào)整好自己的心態(tài)。

　　In Europe, before the introduction of the mechanical clock, people told time by sun (using, for example, shadow sticks or sun dials) and water clocks. Sun clocks worked, of course, only on clear days; water clocks misbehaved when the temperature fell toward freezing, to say nothing of long-run drift as the result of sedimentation and clogging. Both these devices worked well in sunny climates; but in northern Europe the sun may be hidden by clouds for weeks at a time, while temperatures vary not only seasonally but from day to night.

　　Medieval Europe gave new importance to reliable time. The Catholic Church had its seven daily prayers, one of which was at night, requiring an alarm arrangement to waken monks before dawn. And then the new cities and towns, squeezed by their walls, had to know and order time in order to organize collective activity and ration space. They set a time to go to sleep. All this was compatible with older devices so long as there was only one authoritative timekeeper; but with urban growth and the multiplication of time signals, discrepancy brought discord and strife. Society needed a more dependable instrument of time measurement and found it in the mechanical clock.

　　We do not know who invented this machine, or where. It seems to have appeared in Italy and England (perhaps simultaneous invention) between 1275 and 1300. Once known, it spread rapidly, driving out water clocks but not solar dials, which were needed to check the new machines against the timekeeper of last resort. These early versions were rudimentary, inaccurate, and prone to breakdown.

　　Ironically, the new machine tended to undermine Catholic Church authority. Although church ritual had sustained an interest in timekeeping throughout the centuries of urban collapse that followed the fall of Rome, church time was nature’ s time. Day and night were divided into the same number of parts, so that except at the equinoxes, days and night hours were unequal; and then of course the length of these hours varied with the seasons. But the mechanical clock kept equal hours, and this implied a new time reckoning. The Catholic Church resisted, not coming over to the new hours for about a century. From the start, however, the towns and cities took equal hours as their standard, and the public clocks installed in town halls and market squares became the very symbol of a new, secular municipal authority. Every town wanted one; conquerors seized them as especially precious spoils of war; tourists came to see and hear these machines the way they made pilgrimages to sacred relics.

　　The clock was the greatest achievement of medieval mechanical ingenuity. Its general accuracy could be checked against easily observed phenomena, like the rising and setting of the sun. The result was relentless pressure to improve technique and design. At every stage, clockmakers led the way to accuracy and precision; they became masters of miniaturization, detectors and correctors of error, searchers for new and better. They were thus the pioneers of mechanical engineering and served as examples and teachers to other branches of engineering.

　　The clock brought order and control, both collective and personal. Its public display and private possession laid the basis for temporal autonomy: people could now coordinate comings and goings without dictation from above. The clock provided the punctuation marks for group activity, while enabling individuals to order their own work (and that of others) so as to enhance productivity. Indeed, the very notion of productivity is a by-product of the clock: once on can relate performance to uniform time units, work is never the same. One moves from the task-oriented time consciousness of the peasant (working on job after another, as time and light permit) and the time-filling busyness of the domestic servant (who always had something to do) to an effort to maximize product per unit of time.

　　第二篇

　　題材劃分：歷史類文章

　　主要內(nèi)容：

　　在泰國(guó)附近出現(xiàn)的一個(gè)D文明，語(yǔ)言和Mon語(yǔ)言有聯(lián)系。信奉佛教，并且有很多的貿(mào)易路線。因?yàn)橛玫亩际沁@個(gè)文字講了好多什么雕塑啊亂七八糟的，最后說(shuō)甚至不清楚有沒(méi)有一個(gè)capital，不知道正值也不知道ethic，這個(gè)文明出現(xiàn)在6世紀(jì)，到了9世紀(jì)的時(shí)候，有另一批人到達(dá)了這里。

　　解析：

　　就文章題材而言，是TPO和托福考試中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的題材類型，關(guān)于某種文明的起源和發(fā)展，文章結(jié)構(gòu)比較簡(jiǎn)單，沒(méi)有特別難的單詞，難度一般。

　　相似TPO練習(xí)推薦：

　　TPO26- Sumer and the First Cities of the Ancient Near East

　　TPO5- The Origin of the Pacific Island People

　　第三篇

　　題材劃分： 生物類文章

　　主要內(nèi)容：

　　考古學(xué)家如何區(qū)分家養(yǎng)的和野生的動(dòng)植物，先說(shuō)有好多方法可以區(qū)分，但有的時(shí)候很難分，他們的特征可能一樣又列舉了一堆區(qū)分方法，每個(gè)都有點(diǎn)問(wèn)題，后來(lái)說(shuō)一般都運(yùn)用floated的技術(shù)使有機(jī)物和別的分離，這樣就可以分析植物家養(yǎng)與否。但是動(dòng)物沒(méi)有這么好區(qū)分，因?yàn)楹芏嗵卣髟诩茵B(yǎng)的和野生的動(dòng)物身上都可以提現(xiàn)，所以有另外的辦法，就是看人類的捕殺數(shù)量和對(duì)象，在某個(gè)時(shí)間，人類殺成年的動(dòng)物數(shù)量很多，證明人類那時(shí)就有選擇性的捕獵，但是這個(gè)辦法需要好好考慮，因?yàn)橛泻芏嘁蛩兀热绱菩酆蛣?dòng)物數(shù)量波動(dòng)很大等三個(gè)原因。還有一個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)就是一些屬于XX時(shí)代的磨光的石頭，然后又說(shuō)農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展讓他們建了一堆谷倉(cāng)啊，容器的來(lái)儲(chǔ)藏糧食，所以不太可能游牧。這些都證明了在向馴養(yǎng)的轉(zhuǎn)變，最后一段說(shuō)不能只根據(jù)clay pot來(lái)證明馴養(yǎng)的舉日本的例子。

　　解析：

　　就整體的文章結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)看，考生可通過(guò)閱讀對(duì)應(yīng)的TS句來(lái)了解段落的大意，相對(duì)比較容易把握，題目難度也不高，基本上都可以從原文中找到對(duì)應(yīng)的信息點(diǎn)。