董卿朗讀《紅樓夢(mèng)》，來(lái)感受下英文版的語(yǔ)言魅力!

　　這兩日是讀書(shū)的好時(shí)節(jié)，一段董卿朗讀《紅樓夢(mèng)》選段的視頻也悄悄登上熱搜榜，無(wú)論是朗讀者的呈現(xiàn)，還是書(shū)的內(nèi)容，都讓看客大呼精彩。

　　“滿(mǎn)紙荒唐言，一把辛酸淚;都云作者癡，誰(shuí)解其中味”，正如董卿所說(shuō)的，《紅樓夢(mèng)》是讀不盡的，是一個(gè)院子里的兒女情長(zhǎng)，更是一個(gè)朝代的盛衰興亡。今年也是央視版《紅樓夢(mèng)》開(kāi)播30周年，英大便借著這股東風(fēng)說(shuō)一說(shuō)節(jié)目中“寶黛初見(jiàn)”這個(gè)片段。

　　壹

　　

 

　　一語(yǔ)未了，只聽(tīng)外面一陣腳步響，丫鬟進(jìn)來(lái)笑道：“寶玉來(lái)了!”黛玉心中正疑惑著：“這個(gè)寶玉，不知是怎生個(gè)憊懶人物，懵懂頑童?”——倒不見(jiàn)那蠢物也罷了。心中想著，忽見(jiàn)丫鬟話(huà)未報(bào)完，已進(jìn)來(lái)了一位年輕的公子。

　　譯文：

　　The words were hardly out of her mouth when they heard footsteps in the courtyard and a maid came in to announce, "Baoyu is here."

　　Daiyu was wondering what sort of graceless scamp or little dunce Baoyu was and feeling reluctantto meet such a stupid creature when, even as the maid announced him, in he walked.(楊憲益&戴乃迭)

　　While they were speaking, a flurry of footsteps could be heard outside and a maid came in to say that Bao-yu was back.

　　'I wonder,' thought Dai-yu, 'just what sort of graceless creature this Bao-yu is going to be'.(霍克斯)

　　解析：

　　此時(shí)，兩人還未相見(jiàn)，黛玉已經(jīng)借著母親和王夫人的描述腦補(bǔ)了寶玉的形象——“憊懶人物”、“懵懂頑童”，對(duì)見(jiàn)他這事兒并不多上心。這也與后文的熟悉感形成了對(duì)比。

　　從譯文中可以看出，楊戴把黛玉心中所想事無(wú)巨細(xì)地體現(xiàn)出來(lái)，用graceless scamp(淘氣鬼)、little dunce(愚笨的人)和stupid creature來(lái)形容寶玉，層層遞進(jìn)，水到渠成地表現(xiàn)了黛玉不情愿的情緒。而霍克斯則直接抹去了黛玉的情緒，只用what sort of graceless creature將她的疑惑譯了出來(lái)。

　　相對(duì)于下文中的反轉(zhuǎn)，英大傾向于楊戴的譯文，把不情愿的情緒的表現(xiàn)出來(lái)更為貼切。

　　這里，兩個(gè)版本的creature都選得很妙，就像寶玉說(shuō)的，“女兒是水作的骨肉，男人是泥作的骨肉”，雖然說(shuō)的是人，可不就是個(gè)“生物”嘛!

　　貳

　　

 

　　黛玉一見(jiàn)，便吃一大驚，心下想道：“好生奇怪，倒像在哪里見(jiàn)過(guò)一般，何等眼熟到如此!”

　　譯文：

　　His appearance took Daiyu by surprise. "How very strange!" she thought. "It's as if I'd seen him somewhere before. He looks so familiar."(楊戴)

　　Dai-yu looked at him with astonishment. How strange! How very strange! It was as though she had seen him somewhere before, he was so extraordinarily familiar.(霍克斯)

　　解析：

　　短短幾句話(huà)表現(xiàn)了黛玉初見(jiàn)寶玉的思緒，似曾相識(shí)的熟悉撲面而來(lái)，這讓黛玉極為驚訝。但身為女兒家，她沒(méi)有表現(xiàn)出來(lái)，只是暗暗地在心中想。在程度的把握上，霍克斯的疊句和“extraordinarily”比楊戴的更好。除此之外，兩個(gè)版本的譯文大同小異。

　　比較明顯的不同是楊戴用了第一人稱(chēng)表現(xiàn)黛玉的驚訝，而霍克斯則用了第三人稱(chēng)。英大私以為，楊戴的處理方式更好，原文本來(lái)就是黛玉的主觀感受，用第一人稱(chēng)讓讀者更有代入感，與下文中寶玉的反應(yīng)形成呼應(yīng)。

　　叁

　　

 

　　寶玉看罷，因笑道：“這個(gè)妹妹我曾見(jiàn)過(guò)的。”賈母笑道：“可又是胡說(shuō)，你又何曾見(jiàn)過(guò)她?”寶玉笑道：“雖然未曾見(jiàn)過(guò)她，然我看著面善，心里就算是舊相識(shí)，今日只作遠(yuǎn)別重逢，亦未為不可。”

　　譯文：

　　"I've met this cousin before,"he declared at the end of his scrutiny.

　　"You're talking nonsense again," said his grandmother, laughing.

　　"How could you possibly have met her?"

　　"Well, even if I haven't, her face looks familiar. I feel we're old friends meeting again after a long separation."(楊戴)

　　Having completed his survey, Bao-yu gave a laugh. 'I have seen this cousin before.'

　　'Nonsense!' said Grandmother Jia. 'How could you possibly have done?'

　　'Well, perhaps not,' said Bao-yu, 'but her face seems so familiar that I have the impression of meeting her again after a long separation.’(霍克斯)

　　解析：

　　說(shuō)完了黛玉，再來(lái)說(shuō)說(shuō)寶玉。他素來(lái)是家里的掌珠，被一群人捧在手心里長(zhǎng)大的，自是有什么說(shuō)什么，也不管是不是渾話(huà)。他覺(jué)得似曾相識(shí)，也不藏著掖著了，直接宣之于口。此處，也算借寶玉的口說(shuō)出了兩人的心里話(huà)，是為心有靈犀，正式拉開(kāi)了倆人愛(ài)情的大幕。

　　胡說(shuō)都是nonsense，久別重逢都是meeting again after a long separation，細(xì)節(jié)處理不相同。

　　值得一提的是“看”這個(gè)詞的選擇，楊戴用了scrutiny，霍克斯用了survey，兩個(gè)詞都偏學(xué)術(shù)氣息，不夠日常。兩者之間，英大傾向于scrutiny，表示“審視，打量”。

　　除了以上的敘述，這一段最精彩的就是對(duì)寶玉和黛玉兩人外貌和服飾的描述，而這些古代特有的服飾也向來(lái)是譯者最頭疼的地方。需要注意的是，原書(shū)的這一章中有兩段對(duì)寶玉的描述，換裝前后各一次，而《朗讀者》中是節(jié)選，只出現(xiàn)了換裝后的一段。就把兩段一起放上來(lái)，來(lái)看看兩位大家是如何描述這位濁世佳公子的吧。

　　肆

　　

 

　　換裝前：

　　戴著束發(fā)嵌寶紫金冠，齊眉勒著二龍戲珠金抹額，一件二色金百蝶穿花大紅箭袖，束著五彩絲攢花結(jié)長(zhǎng)穗宮絳，外罩石青起花八團(tuán)倭緞排穗褂，登著青緞粉底小朝靴。面若中秋之月，色如春曉之花，鬢若刀裁，眉如墨畫(huà)，鼻如懸膽，睛若秋波，雖怒時(shí)而似笑，即瞋視而有情。項(xiàng)上金螭纓絡(luò)，又有一根五色絲絳，系著一塊美玉。

　　譯文：

　　His face was as radiant as the mid-autumn moon, his complexion fresh as spring flowers at dawn. The hair above his temples was as sharply outlined as if cut with a knife. His eyebrows were as black as if painted with ink, his cheeks as red as peach-blossom, his eyes bright as autumn ripples. Even when angry he seemed to smile, and there was warmth in his glance even when he frowned.(楊戴)

　　As to his person, he had:

　　a face like the moon of Mid-Autumn,

　　a complexion like flowers at dawn,

　　a hairline straight as a knife-cut,

　　eyebrows that might have been painted by an artist's brush,

　　a shapely nose, and eyes clear as limpid pools,

　　that even in anger seemed to smile,

　　and, as they glared, beamed tenderness the while.(霍克斯)

　　換裝后：

　　頭上周?chē)晦D(zhuǎn)的短發(fā)，都結(jié)成小辮，紅絲結(jié)束，身上穿著銀紅撒花半舊大襖，仍舊戴著項(xiàng)圈，寶玉，寄名鎖，護(hù)身符等物，錦邊彈墨襪，厚底大紅鞋，越顯得面如敷粉，唇若施脂，轉(zhuǎn)盼多情，語(yǔ)言常笑，天然一段風(fēng)騷，全在眉梢，平生萬(wàn)種情思，悉堆眼角?？雌渫饷沧钍菢O好，卻難知其底細(xì)。

　　譯文：

　　His face looked as fair as if powdered, his lips red as rouge. His glance was full of affection, his speech interspersed with smiles. But his natural charm appeared most in his brows, for his eyes sparkled with a world of feeling. (楊戴)

　　The cheeks might have been brushed with powder and the lips touched with rouge, so bright was their natural colour.

　　His glance was soulful,

　　yet from his lips the laughter often leaped;

　　a world of charm upon that brow was heaped;

　　a world of feeling from those dark eyes peeped.(霍克斯)

　　解析：

　　楊戴的譯文信息完整，句式繁雜，霍克斯的譯文信息簡(jiǎn)潔，選用了類(lèi)似詩(shī)體的形式。整體來(lái)看，楊戴對(duì)原文進(jìn)行了增譯，把所有有用的信息鋪陳在讀者面前，方便讀者理解;而霍克斯則盡量遵循原文，保留了琵琶半遮的美感，各有千秋。

　　鬢若刀裁：鬢發(fā)指的是臉頰靠近耳朵的頭發(fā)，楊戴將它譯成“hair above his temples(太陽(yáng)穴)”，而霍譯直接簡(jiǎn)化成hairline(發(fā)際線(xiàn))，采取了模糊的翻譯方式。如果日常翻譯中遇到了拿捏不準(zhǔn)的內(nèi)容，不妨借鑒霍克斯的方法試一試。

　　鼻若懸膽：楊戴省去了這一句話(huà)，而霍譯用shapely(形狀美觀的)代替了“懸膽”這個(gè)詞。雖然文化信息被省略了，但從達(dá)意層面上是有利于讀者理解的。

　　睛若秋波：秋波這個(gè)詞也是中國(guó)特有的形容詞，指秋風(fēng)中的湖泊漣漪，形容眼神清澈。楊戴的autumn ripples體現(xiàn)了原意，霍克斯的limpid(清澈的，透明的) pools側(cè)重了清澈。

　　風(fēng)騷、情思：兩版譯文都選用了charm和feeling。

　　伍

　　

 

　　兩彎似蹙非蹙籠煙眉，一雙似喜非喜含情目。態(tài)生兩靨之愁，嬌襲一身之病。淚光點(diǎn)點(diǎn)，嬌喘微微。閑靜似嬌花照水，行動(dòng)如弱柳扶風(fēng)。心較比干多一竅，病如西子勝三分。

　　譯文：

　　Her dusky arched eyebrows were knitted and yet not frowning, her speaking eyes held both merriment and sorrow; her very frailty had charm. Her eyes sparkled with tears, her breath was soft and faint. In repose she was like a lovely flower mirrored in the water; in motion, a pliant willow swaying in the wind. She looked more sensitive than Bi Gan, more delicate than Xi Shi.(楊戴)

　　Her mist-wreathed brows at first seemed to frown, yet were not frowning;

　　Her passionate eyes at first seemed to smile, yet were not merry.

　　Habit had given a melancholy cast to her tender face;

　　Nature had bestowed a sickly constitution on her delicate frame.

　　Often the eyes swam with glistening tears;

　　Often the breath came in gentle gasps.

　　In stillness she made one think of a graceful flower reflected in the water;

　　In motion she called to mind tender willow shoots caressed by the wind.

　　She had more chambers in her heart than the martyred Bi Gan;

　　And suffered a tithe more pain in it than the beautiful Xi Shi.(霍克斯)

　　解析：

　　兩版譯文雖用詞不同，但都算忠實(shí)完整地呈現(xiàn)了原文的描述。這里，英大想說(shuō)說(shuō)最后一句“心較比干多一竅，病如西子勝三分”的譯文，比干和西子(西施)是中國(guó)古代的人物，如果要鋪開(kāi)講需要很大的篇幅，兩種譯文都省去了對(duì)他們的解釋。

　　那么要想準(zhǔn)確傳達(dá)文中的意思就需要在前文中多下功夫，這里英大很喜歡楊戴版本的處理。一貫秉承信息完整的楊戴在這句話(huà)的處理上撇開(kāi)了異化，采取了歸化的方式。用sensitive和delicate恰到好處地表現(xiàn)了林黛玉的兩大特質(zhì)：敏感、美麗。而霍譯對(duì)讀者的理解力和想象力都是不小的挑戰(zhàn)。

　　中華文學(xué)博大精深，很多東西是不可譯的，有些慶幸我們能享有這些精致而美麗的語(yǔ)言，有些遺憾不能把它們分享給更多人。感謝楊戴和霍克斯給出了如此磅礴的兩個(gè)譯本，讓我們能學(xué)到更多。

　　這段寶黛初見(jiàn)乍一看沒(méi)什么玄機(jī)，其實(shí)為后續(xù)的進(jìn)展埋下了許多伏筆。林黛玉和賈寶玉的愛(ài)情源于木石前盟，他們一個(gè)是赤瑕宮神瑛侍者，另一個(gè)是西方靈河岸上三生石畔的絳珠仙草，長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)，神瑛侍者一直用甘露灌溉這株仙草，使其修成女體。雙雙入凡間成了表兄妹，初見(jiàn)便似曾相識(shí)，別人只當(dāng)是寶玉胡說(shuō)，卻不知道這是前世的緣分。

　　一個(gè)是閬苑仙葩，一個(gè)是美玉無(wú)瑕，可惜木石前盟沒(méi)有比得過(guò)金玉良緣(賈寶玉和薛寶釵)，最后只能是水中月鏡中花，一場(chǎng)悲劇。