形容詞、副詞的比較等級還有一些其它用法。
1)原級的其它用法
a)as(so)….as….結(jié)構(gòu)前可以用just,almost,nearly,half等詞表示程度。如:
(1)She hasn’t been quite so unlucky as she pretends. 她并不很像她所裝做的那樣倒運。
(2)He doesn’t dress half so strangely as Tom. 他的衣著的奇異遠不及湯姆。
(3)You’re sewing nearly as neatly as your mother. 你的針線活差不多和你母親一樣干凈利落。
b)注意下面句中as….as的用法:
(4)She is as gifted as she is diligent. 她不但有天賦,而且勤奮。
(5)The slogan is as easy to remember as it is hard to forget. 這個口號好記而且難忘。
有時as從句中的主語和連系動詞可省去。如:
(6)Come as soon as possible. 盡快來吧。
有些as….as結(jié)構(gòu)則是現(xiàn)成說法,如as well as,as much as,as far as,as far back as,as good as,as long as,as soon as,as often as not等。
c)as從句的省略結(jié)構(gòu),可以省去整個謂語部分,保留主語。如:
(7)Is he as handsome as his brother? 他有他哥哥漂亮嗎?
(8)Does she dance as gracefully as her sister? 她的舞跳得有她姐姐優(yōu)美嗎?
可以省去部分謂語部分,保留主語和be,have或助動詞。如:
(9)I have as many assignments as you have. 我的作業(yè)和你一樣多。
(10)Now hold your breath as long as you can. 現(xiàn)在你要盡量摒住呼吸。
可以省去主語與謂語部分,只保留修飾語(多為狀語)。如:
(11)It’s as warm there as in Beijing. 那里的天氣和北京一樣暖和。
(12)I told her I had never been in so many hotels in my life as since I came to Europe. 我對她說我一生中從沒有像我到歐洲后住過這樣多的旅館。
2)比較級的其它用法
a)比較級前可用many,much,far,a little,a bit,slightly,a great(good) deal,a lot,completely等詞語表示不定度量。如:
(13)The sun is much bigger than the earth. 太陽比地球大得多。
(14)The buildings look far uglier in London than here. 倫敦的建筑比這里難看得多。
(15)They will come back a little later. 他們過一會兒就回來。
(16)The sun is a lot bigger and brighter than the moon. 太陽比月亮大得多,亮得多。
(17)I could not answer for my feelings for a week in advance, much less to the end of my life. 對我自己的感情我無法提前保證一個星期,更不用說保證到死了。
b)比較級前可用any和no。如:
(18)He was too tired to walk any further. 他太累了,走不動了。
(19)—Have you any more? 你還有嗎?
—Oh, sorry, no more. 噢,對不起,沒有了。
(20)The train is no longer in sight. 列車再也看不見了。
(21)No sooner had he left the house than it began to rain. 他剛離開家就開始下雨了。
注意下面句子的結(jié)構(gòu)及含義:
(22)I don’t like smoking any more than you do. 我和你同樣不喜歡吸煙。
(23)I know no more Spanish than I know Greek. 我對西班牙語和希臘語同樣不懂。
c)no more(less) than與not more(less) than的含義不同,前者言其少(多),后者則只意謂“不多(少)于”。試比較:
(24)I have no more than five yuan in my pocket. 我口袋里的錢只不過5元。(no more than等于“只不過”,言其少)
(25)I have not more than five yuan in my pocket. 我口袋里的錢不多于5元。(not more than等于“不多于”,“至少”,無言其多或少的含義)
(26)He is no less determined than you. 他的決心不亞于你。(no less determined than等于“決心不亞于”,言其大)
(27)He is not less determined than you. 他的決心不比你小。(not less determined than等于“其決心不小于”,無言其大或小的含義)
d)比較級前可用“數(shù)詞+名詞”構(gòu)成的名詞短語表示確定的度量。如:
(28)He is two inches taller than his father. 他比他爸爸高兩英寸。(或說He is taller than his father by two inches.)
(29)She could not take a step further. 她一步也不能走了。(a在此等于one)
e)比較級可與even,still,yet等副詞連用表示“更加”。如:
(30)In that small room he seemed even bigger than I remembered him. 在那個小房間里,他的塊頭似乎顯得比我們所記得的更加大了。
(31)We are working still harder now. 現(xiàn)在我們工作更加努力。
(32)This is bad; that is yet worse. 這個壞,那個更壞。
表示“因此而更加‥‥”則用“all,so much,none等+副詞the+比較級+(表示原因的狀語)”,這種結(jié)構(gòu)之后不可再接than從句。如:
(33)I walked around for two hours yesterday, and the doctor said I was none the worse for it. 昨天我轉(zhuǎn)游了兩小時,而大夫說我的病情并未因此而惡化。
(34)His unkindness hurt me all the more because I had been previously so kind to him. 以前我曾經(jīng)對他很好,因此他的不友好更加使我難過。
在一定的上下文中,原因狀語可省去。如:
(35)If that is the case, all the better. 如果事實是那樣,那就更好了。(if從句內(nèi)含原因)
(36)If you are able to come, so much the better. 如果你能來,那就更好了。(if從句內(nèi)含原因)
(37)I know there’s danger ahead, but I’m all the more set on driving forward. 我知道前面有危險,但我因此更加決心驅(qū)車向前。(前一分句內(nèi)含原因)
f)表語中比較兩個形容詞時,不管形容詞有多少音節(jié),皆須用more….than….結(jié)構(gòu),其意往往是….rather than….,可譯為“是‥‥而不是‥‥”或顛倒詞序譯作“與其說是‥‥,不如說是‥‥”。如:
(38)That little girl is more shy than timid. 那個小姑娘是害羞而不是膽怯。
(39)She is more keen than wise. 她與其說是聰明,不如說是敏銳。
上述表語結(jié)構(gòu)中的形容詞不可用-er和est,亦不可用than從句。但下面一類句子除外:
(40)The room is longer than it is broad. 這個房間的長大于寬。
(41)His hair was yet darker than it was grey. 他的黑發(fā)尚多于白發(fā)。
[注]上述more….than….結(jié)構(gòu)亦可用于名詞、介詞短語等。如:
①She is more mother than wife. 她是賢妻,更是良母。(亦可說She is more a mother than a wife.或She is more of a mother than a wife.)
?、贗t’s more like blue than green. 它是綠的,但更像藍的。
上述more….than…. 亦可用于非表語結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
?、跧t’ll do you more harm than good. 它會對你害多益少。
g)more than作為固定詞組意謂“多于”,常用于數(shù)詞(或相當于數(shù)詞的詞)之前。如:
(42)More than 1000 people attended the meeting. 一千多人參加了會議。
(43)Tomorrow, don’t make more than a few buns. 明天蒸少數(shù)幾個饅頭就行了。
英語中的more than往往有“多得驚人”的含義。如無此含義,則應(yīng)用over或在名詞后用or more。如:
(44)There are over ten people in the room. 房間里有十多個人。
(45)There are ten chairs or more in the room. 房間里有十多把椅子。
more than用于其它詞語時則常意謂“不止”、“超過”等。如:
(46)She is more than pretty. 她何止是漂亮。(不可用prettier代替more than pretty)
(47)You are more than welcome! 非常歡迎你!
(48)I more than saw it, I felt it too! 我不僅僅是看見了它,我都感覺到它了。
和more than意義相反的有l(wèi)ess than,worse than,little more than等。如:
(49)He seemed less than overjoyed. 他似乎并不太高興。
(50)You’re worse than unfair. You’re mean. 你不止是不公正。你是卑鄙。
(51)Employment statistics in that country amount to little more than best guess. 那個國家的就業(yè)統(tǒng)計和最好的猜測差不多。
[注]類似的固定詞組還有rather than,sooner than,other than,nothing more(less) than等。
h)表示“越來越‥‥”用“比較級+and+比較級”結(jié)構(gòu)或“more and more+原級”。這種結(jié)構(gòu)不可后接than從句。如:
(52)Things are getting better and better every day. 情況一天一天好起來。
(53)He is becoming more and more active in sports. 他越來越積極參加體育運動。
(54)As his work had become dominant, the rest had seemed to matter less and less. 由于他的工作占了主要地位,別的事似乎越來越無關(guān)緊要了。
亦可用“ever等副詞+比較級”表示“越來越‥‥”。如:
(55)The road got ever worse until there was none at all. 道路越來越壞,直到最后連路也沒有了。
(56)He grew steadily more gaunt and yellow and ugly. 他越來越瘦、越黃、難越看。
(57)Her position was becoming daily more insecure. 她的地位一天比一天不穩(wěn)了。
i)表示“越‥‥,就越‥‥”常用“副詞the+比較級+副詞the+比較級”結(jié)構(gòu)。前者是狀語從句,后者是主句。如:
(58)The more, the better. 越多越好。
(59)The more haste, the less speed. 欲速則不達。
(60)The harder she worked, the more progress she made. 她工作越努力,進步越大。
j)比較級用于否定結(jié)構(gòu)可表“最‥‥不過”。如:
(61)Nothing better! 那最好不過!
(62)There’s nothing cheaper. 再便宜不過了。
(63)I can’t agree with you more. 我再同意你不過了。
(64)He couldn’t be worse. 他的情況再壞不過了。
(65)He had never felt less like talking to anyone. 他從未如此不想和人談話過。
(66)This could give me no greater pleasure. 這使我再高興不過了。
[注]英語里的比較結(jié)構(gòu)也常用來表示最高級。如:
①She sings better than anyone else in her class. 她在班里唱得最好。(=She sings best in her class.)
?、赼bler and more active than anyone else I know. 他在我所認識的人中是最能干最富有活力的了。(= He’s the most able and active man I know.)
k)英語里的比較級有時并無具體的比較含義,這種比較級叫做絕對比較級。如:
younger generation 青年一代
higher education 高等教育
the lower classes 下層階級
the more complex problems of life 生活中的較為復雜的問題
l)than從句的省略結(jié)構(gòu)與as從句大致相同。它可以省去整個謂語部分,保留主語。如:
(67)She is more highly regarded than he. 她比他受到更高的重視。
(68)Does Peter wear his hair longer than Tom? 彼得留的頭發(fā)比湯姆的長嗎?
(69)She eats less than a bird. 她的食量比小鳥還少。
它可以省去部分謂語部分,保留主語和be,have或助動詞。如:
(70)John drove much more carefully than Tim did. 約翰開車比吉姆小心得多。
(71)We all love ourselves more and hate ourselves less than we ought. 我們都對自己愛得過多,恨得過少。
這種比較從句中的be,have或助動詞可移到主語之前,進行倒裝。如:
(72)No leader of a party has kept himself in greater detachment from the sentiment of his than has the late Prime Minister. 任何政黨的領(lǐng)袖都沒有像已故首相那樣不動感情。(助動詞has移至主語the late Prime Minister之前)
比較從句可以省去主要動詞,保留其余部分。如:
(73)Imperialism will not change its nature any more than a leopard will its spots. 帝國主義絕不會改變其本性,正如豹子絕不會改變其皮上的斑點一樣。
比較從句可以省去主語和部分謂語部分,保留賓語。如:
(74)I love him more than her. 我愛他勝過愛她。
(75)They love their liberties even more than their lives. 他們熱愛自由勝過他們的生命。
比較從句可以省去主語和部分謂語部分,保留修飾語。如:
(76)It’s pleasanter traveling by day than by night. 白天旅行比夜晚旅行愉快。
[注]注意習慣上用more than usual,而不是more than usually,如:Did you eat more than usual yesterday evening?(你昨晚吃得比平常多嗎?)
比較從句可以省去主語(或?qū)han看作代詞作主語用),保留謂語部分。如:
(77)There is more in it than meets the eye. 它的內(nèi)涵較表面要深。
(78)Don’t eat more than is good for you. 不要吃得過量。
(79)There may be more importance in it than would seem. 它的重要意義可能要比看上去大。
[注]在He returned three days earlier than expected.(他回來比所預(yù)料的早三天)一句中,than expected=than he was expected。
下面一些句子的than從句省去了賓語:
(80)The box is bigger than I wanted. 這箱子比我想要的大。
(81)She told me more than I cared to know. 她告訴我的比我想知道的多。
在一些比較省略結(jié)構(gòu)中,than之后可用動詞不定式。如:
(82)I know better than to mention it. 我才不會提它呢。
(83)I cannot do better than to give you an idea of how I did it. 我只能告訴你我是怎么干的。
(84)There was nothing he desired more than to see the matter ended. 他最希望不過的是看到這事的結(jié)束。
[注]有些固定詞組的than之后須接不帶的to不定式。如:
①Sooner than yield he resolved to die. 他寧死不投降。
?、贗 would rather stay than go. 我寧愿留下不愿去。
3)最高級的其它用法
a)最高級可被序數(shù)詞以及much,by far,nearly,almost,by no means等詞語所修飾。如:
(85)The Yellow River is the second longest in China. 黃河是中國的第二大河。
(86)Of the three boys Nick is much the cleverest. 這三個男孩中,尼克最最聰明。
(87)Of the three boys Nick is almost the cleverest. 這三個男孩中,尼克差不多是最聰明的了。
(88)Of the three boys Nick is by no means the cleverest. 這三個男孩中,尼克決不是最聰明的。
b)形容詞最高級用作表語強調(diào)事物品質(zhì)時應(yīng)省去定冠詞。如:
(89)This is where the river is deepest. 這是河流的最深處。
(90)Put the picture where light is best. 把這張畫掛在光線最亮處。
如指事物,一般仍須用the。如:
(91)This book is the most difficult that I have ever read. 這本書是我所讀過的最難的一本書。(difficult后省去了one或book)
c)如果形容詞前的most=very,亦須省去定冠詞the。這種無“最”含義的最高級叫做絕對最高級(不重讀)。如:
(92)It is a most useful book. 它是一本非常有用的書。
(93)They are most useful books. 它們是一些非常有用的書。
most作“非常”解時,不重讀,但作“大多數(shù)”解時須重讀。試比較:
(94)Most reputable writers have now abandoned this claim. 一些非??勺鹁吹淖骷椰F(xiàn)在已經(jīng)放棄了這種主張。(most不重讀,等于very)
(95)‵Most reputable writers have now abandoned this claim. 大多數(shù)可尊敬的作家現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)放棄了這種主張。(most重讀,意謂“大多數(shù)”)
“most+形容詞”用作表語時,most如不重讀,亦屬絕對最高級;如重讀,則意謂“最” 。試比較:
(96)He was ‵most eloquent at the close of his speech. 他在他演講的結(jié)尾最為雄辯。(
most重讀,等于“最”)
(97)He was most eloquent at the close of his speech. 他在他演講的結(jié)尾非常雄辯。(
Most不重讀,等于very)
有時帶the的形容詞最高級亦是絕對最高級,意謂“極”。如:
(98)We would like to help you with the greatest pleasure. 我們極其樂意幫助你。
(99)Oh, he made the rudest remark! 啊,他說了極為粗野的話。
下面一些現(xiàn)成說法中的絕對最高級省去了the:
(100)I acknowledge, with sincerest thanks, your generous gift. 對你的慷慨的饋贈,我致以最衷心的謝意。
(101)With best wishes, Yours… 致以最良好的祝愿,你的‥‥(信中結(jié)束語)
在正式文體中,the有時亦被省去。如:
(102)She had eyes of deepest blue. 她有一雙最深藍的眼睛。
(103)Don’t follow the way of least resistance. 不要走最省力氣的路。
在“形容詞最高級+of+名詞(泛指)”的結(jié)構(gòu)中,最高級亦表very,一般不重讀。如:
(104)He spoke in the softest of voices. 他說話聲音非常柔和。
(105)Everyone appeared to be in the best of health. 大家看起來都很健康。
(106)We are the best of friends. 我們是最好的朋友。
[注]上述結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞不可有修飾語,否則最高級則變?yōu)橄鄬ψ罡呒?,意謂“最”。例如將上述例(106)改為We are the best of his friends. 其意則變?yōu)?ldquo;我們是他的最好的朋友”。再如Table tennis is the most popular of sports in China.(乒乓球在中國最為盛行),由于sports有修飾語in China,而且the most popular在此亦是相對最高級,意謂“最盛行的”。
d)注意下面句子結(jié)構(gòu)中的of短語不可或不宜后移。如:
(107)Of all the books I like this(the) best. 在所有的書中,我最喜歡這本。(但可說I like this(the) best of all.)
(108)Of the many problems the biggest is how to curb the huge budget deficit. 許多難題之中,最大的就是如何減少龐大的預(yù)算赤字。
e)最高級可以和物主代詞連用表示最佳情況或狀態(tài)。如:
(109)I think he has done his best. 我認為他已經(jīng)盡了最大努力。
(110)Fragrant Hill is at its best in autumn when tinted leaves of maple trees everywhere greet the eye. 秋天是香山最美的時節(jié);那時,紅葉到處呈現(xiàn)在游人的眼前。
f)最高級在非正式文體中可表示二者的比較。如:
(111)This is the shortest of the two roads. 這是兩條路中最短的一條路。
(112)I have two children: my oldest son is 17 years of age. 我有兩個孩子,大的17歲。
g)最高級有時有“即使”的含義。如:
(113)There is no smallest doubt. 毫無疑問。
(114)The slightest neglect would cause a great loss. 即使最小的疏忽也會造成很大的損失。
4)英語里表示比較等級的手段還有:
a)用equal(ly),same,enough等表示as….as….。如:
(115)No one’s fingers are equally long. 沒有一個人的手指是一樣長。
(116)They are the same age. 他們同齡。
(117)It’s clear enough. 夠清晰了。(It’s as clear as is necessary.)
b)用拉丁比較級superior,inferior,senior,junior,prior,major,minor等表示比較級。如:
(118)This carpet is far superior to that one in quality. 這條地毯的質(zhì)量遠勝過那一條。(后一般須接to)
(119)Jones is senior to Smith. 瓊斯比史密斯資格老。(后須接to)
(120)He is having a major operation. 他正在接受一次大的手術(shù)。
[注]注意下列詞組中的拉丁比較級都是絕對比較級(無比較含義):senior citizens 老人;superior quality 優(yōu)質(zhì);a minor point 不重要之點
c)“too+原級”和“原級+for短語”也可表示比較級。如:
(121)It’s too long. 它太長了。(= It’s longer than is necessary.)
(122)He is tall for his age. 對他那樣的年紀來說,他是長得高的。(=teller than normal)
有時單用原級亦可表比較級。如:
(123)You are five minutes late. 你晚了五分鐘。(late=too late)