10.16 動(dòng)名詞的構(gòu)成和性質(zhì)
動(dòng)名詞由動(dòng)詞原形加詞尾-ing而成,其構(gòu)成方法與現(xiàn)在分詞一樣。
動(dòng)名詞有時(shí)式和語態(tài)的變化:
主動(dòng)語態(tài) 被動(dòng)語態(tài)
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
動(dòng)名詞既有動(dòng)詞性質(zhì),又有名詞性質(zhì)。
1)動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)詞性質(zhì)表現(xiàn)在:可有賓語和狀語從而組成動(dòng)名詞短語。如:
(1)I hope you don’t mind my saying it. 我希望你別介意我說的話。(有賓語it)
(2)Are you for or against staying here? 你贊成還是反對(duì)留在這里?(有狀語here)
2)動(dòng)名詞的名詞性質(zhì)表現(xiàn)在:在句中可用作主語、賓語等。如:
(3)Traveling abroad can be very exciting. 出國(guó)旅行會(huì)是很激動(dòng)人心的。(用作主語)
(4)In Lent he gives up smoking and drinking. 在大齋期,他戒煙酒。(用作賓語)
10.17動(dòng)名詞的功用
動(dòng)名詞在句中可用作主語、表語、賓語、定語、同位語、補(bǔ)語等。
1)用作主語。如:
(1)Seeing is believing. 百聞不如一見。
(2)Saving is having. 節(jié)約即是收入。
在一些句子中,常用it作形式主語,將用作真實(shí)主語的動(dòng)名詞放在句未。it is可后接no use,no good,fun等名詞。如:
(3)It is no use crying. 哭沒有用。
(4)It is no good objecting. 反對(duì)也沒有用。
(5)It’s great fun sailing a boat. 揚(yáng)帆駕舟是十分有趣的。
it is亦可后接useless,nice,good,interesting等形容詞。如:
(6)It is useless speaking. 光說沒有用。
(7)It’s so nice sitting here with you. 和你坐在一起真是愉快。
(8)It’s good hearing English spoken. 聽到人講英語,我很高興。
2)用作表語。如:
(9)The main thing is getting there in time. 首要的事是及時(shí)到達(dá)那里。
(10)His main extravagance is smoking. 他的主要嗜好是吸煙。
(11)This is not playing the game. 這樣做就不公正誠(chéng)實(shí)了。
動(dòng)名詞作表語時(shí)與進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)中的現(xiàn)在分詞形式相同,但其所屬結(jié)構(gòu)迥異,二者不可混淆。試比較:
(12)Her job was washing clothes. 她的工作是洗衣裳。(washing是動(dòng)名詞,用作表語)
(13)She was washing clothes. 她在洗衣裳。(washing是現(xiàn)在分詞,與was構(gòu)成過去進(jìn)行時(shí),用作謂語)
3)用作賓語。如:
(14)Have you finished reading the book? 你讀完那本書了嗎?
(15)I suggest doing it in a different way. 我建議換一種方法做此事。
(16)A person certainly loses when he gives up trying. 一個(gè)人放棄了努力就肯定一無所得。
動(dòng)名詞作為賓語,亦可用在復(fù)合賓語中。如:
(17)The pain in my throat made speaking difficult. 我的喉嚨痛,造成說話困難。
(18)Do you find living here interesting? 你覺得住在這里有意思嗎?
動(dòng)名詞亦可用作介詞的賓語。如:
(19)He has a strong objection to leaving early. 他極力反對(duì)早動(dòng)身。
(20)She is afraid of going out along. 她怕單獨(dú)一個(gè)人出去。
(21)Are you interested in buying second-hand books? 我對(duì)買舊書有興趣嗎?
介詞有時(shí)可以省去。如:
(22)He meant to go hunting. 他要去打獵。(省去to)
(23)I have been some time answering this question. 我想了一些時(shí)間之后才回答這個(gè)問題。(省去in)
(24)What can prevent us getting married? 有什么能阻止我們結(jié)婚呢?(省去from)
4)用作定語。如:
(25)Everybody was at his fighting post. 每一個(gè)人都守在自己的戰(zhàn)斗崗位上。
(26)They set up an operating table in a small temple. 他們將手術(shù)臺(tái)架設(shè)在一座小廟里。
(27)He may be in the reading room, for all I know. 他說不定在閱覽室里。
有些復(fù)合名詞亦可用作定語。如:fact-finding committee 調(diào)查委員會(huì) peace-keeping troops 維持和平部隊(duì)
5)用作補(bǔ)語。如:
(28)I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul. 我管這叫做拆東墻補(bǔ)西墻。(robbing用作賓語補(bǔ)語)
(29)This is called turning things upside down. 這叫做把事物顛倒了。(turning是主語補(bǔ)語)
10.18 動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
名詞屬格或物主代詞后加動(dòng)名詞,即構(gòu)成動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。在動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中,名詞屬格或物主代詞是動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語。這種復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中用作主語或賓語。
1)用作主語。如:
(1)Sophia’s having seen them did not surprise us. 索菲亞看見了他們,并不使我們感到驚訝。
(2)It’s no use your trying to deceive me. 你想騙我是沒有用的。
在口語中也有用名詞通格和代詞賓格的情況。如:
(3)My daughter staying up so late worried me. 我的女兒睡得很晚令我擔(dān)心。
(4)Our safety depends in you coming at once. 我們的安全系于你立即到來。
2)用作賓語。如:
(5)Excuse my interrupting you. 請(qǐng)?jiān)徫掖驍嗄愕脑挕?/p>
(6)There seemed to be a slight appearance of the gale’s abating. 在風(fēng)似乎顯得小點(diǎn)兒了。
在當(dāng)代英語中,動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)用作賓語時(shí),其名詞多用通格。如:
(7)I hate people being unhappy. 我不愿人們不快樂。
(8)I am not in favour of mother selling the old home. 我不贊同母親賣掉老房。
動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)用作賓語時(shí),現(xiàn)在用代詞賓格的情況也不少。如:
(9)You say nothing about us calling. 你不要說我們來拜訪的事。
(10)I have often heard of him working hard. 我常聽到他刻苦用功的話。
3)注意在下列句子中,代詞和動(dòng)名詞都是直接賓語,故代詞須用賓格:
(11)Pardon me saying it. 請(qǐng)恕我此言。
(12)She forgave him doing it. 她原諒了他做那事。
10.19 動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)式
動(dòng)名詞有一般式與完成式兩種時(shí)式。其形式變化與現(xiàn)在分詞相同。
1)動(dòng)名詞一般式所表的動(dòng)作可與謂語動(dòng)詞所表的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。如:
(1)A gregarious person, he loves just talking with people. 他是一個(gè)愛交際的人,愛與人聊天。
(2)A big job should be done in popularizing education. 普及教育應(yīng)該花大力氣。
動(dòng)名詞一般式所表的動(dòng)作也可能與謂語動(dòng)詞所表的動(dòng)作異時(shí)發(fā)生。如:
(3)On finding that the engine was working badly, the pilot was obliged to land. 飛機(jī)駕駛員一發(fā)現(xiàn)引擎不靈就被迫下降。(發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前)
(4)I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the first time. 我永不忘記第一次看見長(zhǎng)城的情景。(發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前)
(5)Martin insisted on going to work in spite of his illness. 馬丁堅(jiān)持要抱病工作。(發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之后)
(6)He is not afraid of dying. 他不怕死。(發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之后)
2)動(dòng)名詞完成式所表的動(dòng)作皆發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞所表的動(dòng)作之前。如:
(7)Allan repented having shot the bird. 阿倫悔不該射死那只鳥。
(8)Edith denied having been there. 伊迪絲否認(rèn)到過那里。
(9)His audacity comes from having seen the worst happen, from having endured the keenest pain. 他有膽識(shí)是由于他有過最壞的遭遇,忍受過最強(qiáng)烈的痛苦。
[注]由于動(dòng)名詞的一般式與完成式皆可表發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞前的動(dòng)作,故二者往往意思相同。但前者顯然比較簡(jiǎn)潔。如:I remember locking the door.(我記得把門鎖上了)顯然較I remember having locked the door.簡(jiǎn)潔。有些動(dòng)詞,如enjoy,則一般不后接動(dòng)名詞完成式。
10.20 動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)式
動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)式也有一般式與完成式兩種。
1)動(dòng)名詞一般式用于被動(dòng)式。如:
(1)He narrowly escaped being run over. 他差點(diǎn)被車壓著。
(2)I have not the least objection to his being shot. 我對(duì)槍斃他毫無異議。
2)動(dòng)名詞完成式用于被動(dòng)式。如:
(3)He prided himself on having never been beaten in chess. 他為奕棋上從未被擊敗而自豪。
(4)His arm was not in a sling, and showed no sign of having been damaged. 他的手臂并用吊腕帶吊起,也沒有受過傷的跡象。
3)有些動(dòng)名詞在句中具有主動(dòng)的形式,但含有被動(dòng)的意義。如:
(5)The house needs repairing. 房子需要修繕。
(6)Such hardships are beyond bearing. 這樣的苦是不堪忍受。
(7)If a thing is worth doing, it is worth doing well. 一件事如值得做,就應(yīng)把它做好。
有時(shí)動(dòng)名詞的含義是模棱兩可的,應(yīng)由上下文而定。如在The shooting of the hunters was terrible. 這一句中,動(dòng)名詞shooting可能有主動(dòng)意義,即“槍擊”或“放槍”;也可能有被動(dòng)意義,即“被槍殺”。
10.21 動(dòng)名詞的否定式
動(dòng)名詞的否定式由not或never加動(dòng)名詞構(gòu)成。如:
(1)I fancy it has done you a lot of good not going. 我看不去對(duì)你倒太好了。(not going是動(dòng)名詞一般式的否定式)
(2)He was nervous from having never before spoken in public. 他由于從未做過公開演講而感到緊張。(having never spoken是動(dòng)名詞完成式的否定式)
10.22 動(dòng)名詞與不定式的比較
一般來說,動(dòng)名詞著重進(jìn)程,不定式著重結(jié)果。如:
(1)Seeing is believing. 眼見為實(shí)。
(2)To see is to believe.
(3)Your work needs correcting. 你寫的東西需要修改。
(4)Your work needs to be correcting.
(5)I prefer staying indoors on cold winter evenings. 在冬天的夜晚我寧愿待在家里。
(6)I prefer to stay indoors on cold winter evenings.
但有時(shí)二者意義有差異:
1)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語可能泛指人們,而不定式的邏輯主語則常常是句子中的名詞或代詞。如:
(7)I scorn telling lies. 我蔑視說慌。
(8)I scorn to tell a lies. 我不屑于說慌。
(9)I hate smoking. 我討厭吸煙。
(10)I hate to smoke. 我不愛吸煙。
2)動(dòng)名詞表一般或抽象的多次性行為,而不定式則往往表具體的或一次性的動(dòng)作。試比較:
(11)Playing with fire is dangerous. 玩火危險(xiǎn)。(泛指玩火)
(12)To play with fire will be dangerous. 玩火會(huì)發(fā)生危險(xiǎn)。(指一具體動(dòng)作)
(13)Talking for hours at a stretch is more exhausting than you seem to think. 一連講幾個(gè)小時(shí)的話會(huì)比你似乎想象的要累。(泛指講話)
(14)To talk for hours at a stretch is more exhausting than you seem to think. 你一連講幾個(gè)小時(shí)的話可比你似乎想象的要累。(指一個(gè)人的感受)
3)在某些動(dòng)詞之后只能用動(dòng)名詞,而另一些動(dòng)詞之后只能用不定式。常后接動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)詞有acknowledge,admit,advocate,avoid,consider,contemplate,defer,delay,deny,dislike,enjoy,escape,evade,fancy,finish,grudge,imagine,include,keep,mind,miss,postpone,practise,recall,recollect,repent,resent,resist,risk,stop,suggest等;短語動(dòng)詞有have done,give up等。
常后接不定式的動(dòng)詞有afford,agree,aim,ask,claim,choose,decide,decline,demand,expect,desire,determine,fail,hope,manage,offer,plan,pretend,promise,refuse,resolve,threaten,wish等。
[注]care,hesitate,long,bother,tend,trouble等皆為不及物動(dòng)詞,故其后接的不定式不是賓語,而是狀語。
4)有不少動(dòng)詞既可后接動(dòng)名詞亦可后接不定式,常見的有attempt,begin,continue,deserve,disdain,dread,endure,neglect,omit,prefer,proceed,propose,regret,remember,scorn,start,try,want等。
上述動(dòng)詞后接的動(dòng)名詞與不定式在意義上往往沒有什么區(qū)別。但有時(shí)二者意義卻有所不同。試比較:
(15)Try knocking at the back door if nobody hears you at the front door. 前門如沒有人答應(yīng),你就敲后門試試看。(try意為“試”)
(16)Try to get some sleep. 試圖去睡一會(huì)兒吧。(try意為“試圖”或“企圖”)
(17)I regret missing the film. 我懊悔沒有看上那部電影。(動(dòng)名詞missing指過去)
(18)I regret to say that I cannot come. 我很抱歉,不能來了。(不定式to say指現(xiàn)在)
(19)I can’t help laughing. 我不禁笑了起來。(help后接動(dòng)名詞意謂“避免”)
(20)I can’t help to clean the place up. 我不能幫助打掃這地方。(help后接不定式意謂“幫助”)
(21)She proposes catching the early train. 她建議趕早班火車。
(22)She proposes to catch the early train. 她打算去趕早班火車。
(23)This means helping you. 這意味著幫助你。(mean后接動(dòng)名詞意謂“意味著”)
(24)This means to help you. 這意在幫你。(mean在此后接不定式意謂“意在”)
5)動(dòng)詞stop和quit可后接動(dòng)名詞和不定式,但兩者的句子功用不同。試比較:
(25)He stopped smoking last week. 他上星期戒了煙。(stop在此是及物動(dòng)詞,動(dòng)名詞smoking是賓語)
(26)He stopped to smoke. 他停下來吸煙。(stop在此是不及物動(dòng)詞,不定式to smoke用作目的狀語)
(27)I’ve quit smoking. 我已戒煙。(quit在此是及物動(dòng)詞,動(dòng)名詞smoking是賓語)
(28)At noon the men quit to eat. 中午工人們停下來吃飯。(quit在此是不及物動(dòng)詞,不定式to eat用作目的狀語)
短語動(dòng)詞go on后接的動(dòng)名詞與不定式不僅其句子功用不同,其含義亦不一樣。試比較:
(29)They went on talking. 他們繼續(xù)談著。(動(dòng)名詞talking是賓語,意謂不停地談下去)
(30)They went on to talk about other matters. 他們接著又談別的事情。(不定式to talk是目的狀語,意謂接著做另一件事)
6)有的動(dòng)詞其后接的動(dòng)名詞表已完成的動(dòng)作,不定式則表未完成的動(dòng)作。如:
(31)I remember locking the door. 我記得把門鎖上了。(locking表已完成的動(dòng)作)
(32)Remember to lock the door. 記得要鎖門。(to lock表未完成的動(dòng)作)
(33)He enjoys visiting. 他對(duì)訪問感到愉快。(visiting表已完成的動(dòng)作)
(34)He expects to visit. 他期望訪問。(to visit表未完成的動(dòng)作)
動(dòng)詞forget(常用過去一般時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))后亦可接不定式或動(dòng)名詞。其后的不定式表未完成的動(dòng)作。如:
(35)I forgot to buy the book . 我忘買書了。
(36)He has forgotten to pay back the money he borrowed. 他忘記還所借的款。
動(dòng)詞forget(但常用于將來一般時(shí)的否定和疑問結(jié)構(gòu))后接的動(dòng)名詞表已完成的動(dòng)作。如:
(37)I shall never forget seeing the Swiss Alps for the first time. 我將永不會(huì)忘記第一次看到瑞士阿爾卑斯山時(shí)的情景。
(38)Shall you ever forget hearing her sing? 你會(huì)忘記聽她的歌唱嗎?
偶爾也用于現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。如:
(39)I forget posting it. 我忘記已把它寄出去了。
如用過去一般時(shí)forgot,則應(yīng)先接介詞about,再接動(dòng)名詞。如:
(40)I forgot about doing it. 我忘記已做此事了。
或后接從句。如:
(41)I forgot that I had done it.
7)在含有cannot(could not)的否定結(jié)構(gòu)中,有的動(dòng)詞須后接動(dòng)名詞,有的動(dòng)詞則多后接不定式。如:
(42)I can’t stand being kept waiting. 我不堪久候。(can’t stand后接動(dòng)名詞)
(43)She could not forbear to cry out. 她不由得喊叫起來。(could not forbear后接不定式)
8)有些動(dòng)詞后接動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)式可表被動(dòng)意義,而不定式則須用其被動(dòng)式表被動(dòng)意義。如:
(44)I won’t bear thinking of. 我不堪被人想念。
(45)I won’t bear to be thought about.
(46)It needs repairing. 它需要修理。
(47)It needs to be repaired.
9)有些動(dòng)詞在書面語中多后接動(dòng)名詞,在口語中多后接不定式。如:
(48)It started raining. 開始下雨了。
(49)It started to rain.
(50)I fear offending her. 我害怕冒犯她。
(51)I fear to offend her.
10)在should(would) like,love等之后須用不定式。如:
(52)I’d like to thank you again. 我愿再次感謝你。
(53)I’d love to come sometime. 日后我愿意來的。
11)修飾上需要變換,為了避免連用不定式或動(dòng)名詞。如:
(54)The students have begun planning to open a class on the correct use of characters for workers in nearby factories. 學(xué)生們已開始計(jì)劃為附近工廠的工人開辦一個(gè)正確運(yùn)用漢字的班。(這里用動(dòng)名詞planning顯然較好,如用不定式to plan則很難上口)
10.23 “介詞+動(dòng)名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)與不定式的比較
有些動(dòng)詞、名詞和形容詞之后常接“介詞+動(dòng)名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)(大多數(shù)同源的動(dòng)詞、名詞和形容詞后接同一個(gè)介詞),有些動(dòng)詞、名詞和形容詞后接不定式。
1)關(guān)于其后常接不定式與動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)詞,已在本章前節(jié)舉過,這里不再重復(fù)。現(xiàn)只就常后接“介詞+動(dòng)名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞列舉幾例如下:
abstain from doing sth 避免做某事
amount to doing sth 等于做某事
apologize for doing sth 為做某事而表歉意
succeed in doing sth 做成功某事
believe in doing sth 信仰做某事
dream of doing sth 夢(mèng)想做某事
object to doing sth 反對(duì)做某事
insist on doing sth 堅(jiān)持做某事
take to doing sth 開始做某事
think of doing sth 想做某事
worry about doing sth 擔(dān)心做某事
有些動(dòng)詞后接“名詞+介詞+動(dòng)名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
aid somebody in doing sth 幫助某人做某事
accuse somebody of doing sth 控訴某人做某事
congratulate somebody on doing sth 恭賀某人做某事
devote…to doing sth 把…奉獻(xiàn)給做某事
doom somebody to doing sth 注定某人做某事
excuse somebody for doing sth 原諒某人做某事
pay attention to doing sth 注意做某事
prevent somebody from doing sth 阻止某人做某事(from可省去)
有些動(dòng)詞之后既可接“介詞+動(dòng)名詞”,亦可接不定式,二者意義上有時(shí)相同,有時(shí)則有所不同。如:
agree on doing sth 協(xié)議做某事
agree to do sth 同意做某事
aim at doing sth 旨在做某事
aim to do sth 旨在做某事(美國(guó)英語多用此說法)
aspire to doing sth 渴望去做某事
aspire to do sth 渴望去做某事
contribute to doing sth 助成某事
contribute to do sth 助成某事
forget about doing sth 忘記已做某事
forget to do sth 忘記去做某事
think about doing sth 考慮做某事
think to do sth 想要或記得做某事
有些動(dòng)詞之后既可接“名詞+介詞+動(dòng)名詞”,亦可接“名詞+不定式”。如:
assist somebody in doing sth 幫助某人做某事
assist somebody to do sth 幫助某人做某事
I finally got him to do it. 我終于請(qǐng)他做了此事。(不定式to do表已完成的動(dòng)作)
I soon got the machine to running. 我很快就開動(dòng)了機(jī)器。(動(dòng)名詞running仍在進(jìn)行)
2)有些名詞之后常用不定式,如ability,ambition,anxiety,curiosity,disposition,mind,obligation,permission,refusal,reluctance,temptation,tendency,wish,yearning等。
有些名詞之后則常可接“介詞+動(dòng)名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
advice on doing sth 關(guān)于做某事的忠告
aptitude for doing sth 做某事的資質(zhì)
delay in doing sth 對(duì)做某事的延誤
difficulty in doing sth 做某事中的困難(in可省去)
excuse for doing sth 對(duì)做某事的借口
experience in doing sth 做某事方面的經(jīng)驗(yàn)
fancy for doing sth 對(duì)做某事的迷戀
interest in doing sth 對(duì)做某事的興趣
genius for doing sth 對(duì)做某事的天賦
habit of doing sth 做某事的習(xí)慣
no harm in doing sth 做某事無害
idea of doing sth 做某事的念頭
method of doing sth 做某事的方法
motive for doing sth 做某事的動(dòng)機(jī)
object of doing sth 做某事的目的
passion for doing sth 對(duì)做某事的熱情
plan for doing sth 做某事的計(jì)劃
possibility of doing sth 做某事的可能性
surprise at doing sth 對(duì)做某事感到的驚訝
skill in doing sth 做某事的技能
apology for doing sth 為做某事的道歉
hope of doing sth 做某事的希望
success in doing sth 做某事的成功
[注]上述名詞中有些還可后接其它介詞,如advice還可后接about,experience 還可后接of等。
有些名詞之后既可接“介詞+動(dòng)名詞”,亦可接不定式。如:
attempt(企圖)at doing sth / to do sth
chance(機(jī)會(huì))of doing sth / to do sth
aversion(厭惡)to doing sth / to do sth
claim(要求)to doing sth / to do sth
choice(選擇)of doing sth / to do sth
effort(努力)at doing sth / to do sth
capacity(能力)of doing sth / to do sth
desire(欲望)of doing sth / to do sth
freedom(自由)in doing sth / to do sth
honour(榮幸)of doing sth / to do sth
intention(意愿)of doing sth / to do sth
opportunity(機(jī)會(huì))of doing sth / to do sth
objection(反對(duì))to doing sth / to do sth
patience(忍耐)in doing sth / to do sth
necessity(必要)of doing sth / to do sth
reason(理由)for doing sth / to do sth
propensity(傾向)for doing sth / to do sth
mood(心緒)for doing sth / to do sth
time(時(shí)間)for doing sth / to do sth
way(方法)of doing sth / to do sth
failure(失敗)in doing sth / (未)to do sth
3)有些形容詞之后常接不定式,如able,difficult,easy,free,eager,llikely,lucky,ready,sure等。
有些形容詞則常后接“介詞+動(dòng)名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
adept at(in) doing sth 熟練于做某事
averse to doing sth 厭惡做某事
aware of doing sth 意識(shí)到做某事
apprehensive of doing sth 對(duì)做某事?lián)鷳n
apologetic for doing sth 為做某事道歉
busy in doing sth 忙于做某事(in可省去)
capable of doing sth 能夠做某事
confident of doing sth 對(duì)做某事有信心
angry about doing sth 對(duì)做某事惱怒
equal to doing sth 等于做某事
equivalent to doing sth 相當(dāng)于做某事
exact in doing sth 精確地做某事
fond of doing sth 喜愛做某事
guilty of doing sth 為做某事內(nèi)疚
hopeful of doing sth 希望做某事
awkward at doing sth 笨拙于做某事
fearful of doing sth 害怕做某事
keen on doing sth 愛好做某事
intent on doing sth 堅(jiān)決要做某事
tired of doing sth 厭倦做某事
sick of doing sth 厭倦做某事
responsible for doing sth 對(duì)做某事負(fù)責(zé)
suitable for doing sth 適合于做某事
unconscious of doing sth 未意識(shí)到做某事
right in doing sth 做某事做得對(duì)
wrong in doing sth 做某事做錯(cuò)了
有些形容詞之后既可接“介詞+動(dòng)名詞”,亦可接不定式。二者有時(shí)意義相同。如:
desirous(想望的)of doing sth / to do sth
fortunate(幸運(yùn)的)in doing sth / to do sth
content(滿足的)with doing sth / to do sth
unworthy(不值的)of doing sth / to do sth
proud(自豪的)of being / to be
但有時(shí)二者意義上卻有所區(qū)別。如:
(1)She is good at playing the piano. 她擅長(zhǎng)于彈鋼琴。
(2)It is good to eat. 它很好吃。
(3)Our team is certain of winning. 我們球隊(duì)相信會(huì)打贏。
(4)Our team looks certain to win. 我相信我們球隊(duì)會(huì)打贏。
(5)He is afraid of dying. 他怕要死了。(怕病好不了)
(5)He is afraid to die. 他怕死。(怕死后的結(jié)果)
10.24 名詞化的動(dòng)名詞
動(dòng)名詞既有名詞的特征,又有動(dòng)詞的特征。但有些動(dòng)名詞卻已完全為名詞而沒有動(dòng)詞的特征了,這種動(dòng)名詞被稱做名詞化的動(dòng)名詞(verbal)。試比較:
(1)I like swimming in the sea. 我喜歡在大海中游泳。(swimming后有狀語in the sea,為動(dòng)名詞)
(2)How do you like swimming? 你喜歡游泳嗎? (swimming在此意謂一種運(yùn)動(dòng),為名詞化的動(dòng)名詞)
名詞化的動(dòng)名詞與名詞一樣,可有冠詞、定語限定或修飾;有的甚至具有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:
(3)The sinking of the Titanic has never been forgotten. 泰坦尼克號(hào)的沉沒從未被遺忘。(前有定冠詞the)
(4)He made a living as a teacher before liberation. 解放前他以教書為生。(前有不定冠詞a)
(5)His acting is first-rate. 他的表演是第一流的。(前有定語his)
(6)English has many borrowings from other languages. 英語有許多外來的詞語。(有復(fù)數(shù)形式)
英語里同一概念可由名詞化的動(dòng)名詞或同源的名詞來表達(dá)。但二者含義往往是有區(qū)別的。
1)名詞化的動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)作意味較名詞更強(qiáng)。如:struggling—struggle 斗爭(zhēng),掙扎;negotiating—negotiation談判;mentioning—mention提及;imaginating—imagination想像
2)二者意義有時(shí)亦不相同。如:printing印刷—print印刷字體;paying付款—pay工資;ending結(jié)局—end結(jié)束;colouring著色—colour)顏色
3)名詞化的動(dòng)名詞表持續(xù)的動(dòng)作,名詞表一次性動(dòng)作。如:running跑—a run跑一次;rowing劃船—a row劃一次;swimming游泳—a swim游一次;walking散步—a walk一次散步
4)名詞化的動(dòng)名詞表未完成的動(dòng)作,名詞表已完成的動(dòng)作(即結(jié)果)。如:collecting收集—collection收藏品;working工作—work作品;composing作曲—composition樂曲;translating翻譯—translation譯作
5)有些名詞化的動(dòng)名詞沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式,名詞則有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:crying—cries叫喊;shouting—shouts大聲喊叫;laughing—laughs笑聲;believing—beliefs信仰
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