3.18 零冠詞用于類名詞
零冠詞可用于單形類名詞,表抽象概念。
1)強(qiáng)調(diào)無所指,表一單純概念。如:
(1)He has great neatness of person. 他十分整潔。(person指人的外表)
(2)19:05 Documentary: Dove 19點(diǎn)05分:紀(jì)錄片:鴿子(電視節(jié)目)
(3)“Triangle”, “animal”, and “motion” are concepts. “三角”、“動(dòng)物”和“運(yùn)動(dòng)”都是些概念。(表單純概念)
2)表人所熟知的事物。如:
(4)There’s no place like home. 任何地方都沒有家好。
(5)I’m going into town. 我要到市區(qū)去。
(6)He made straight for camp. 他直接去野營(yíng)。
3)泛指人或人類。如:
(7)Men is mortal. 人必有死。
(8)We have done all that modern man can do. 我們已經(jīng)做了現(xiàn)代人所能做的一切。
(9)To ensure woman’s complete emancipation and make her the equal of man of is necessary for woman to participate in common productive labour. 為了保證婦女的徹底解放和與男子平等,必須讓婦女參加共同的生產(chǎn)勞動(dòng)。
4)表身體部分。如:
(10)He was a sleek, short man with bright bald head, pink face and gold-rimmed glasses. 他身材矮小,穿著時(shí)髦,頭光禿,面粉紅,戴著一副金邊眼鏡。
(11)The dog plunged wildly away, with tail between its legs. 那只狗兩腿夾著尾巴猛地跑走了。
5)表品質(zhì)或職務(wù)。如:
(12)He became king. 他成了國(guó)王。
(13)He was taken prisoner. 他成了俘虜。
(14)John is captain of the team. 約翰是球隊(duì)隊(duì)長(zhǎng)。
(15)That man was more animal than man. 那個(gè)人與其說是人,不如說是畜生。
6)置于介詞之后表抽象概念。如:
(16)I don’t go to school –I’m at university. 我不是在上中學(xué),我是在上大學(xué)。(現(xiàn)今也可說go to university)
(17)Put the baby to bed. 讓寶寶睡覺吧。
(18)Did you come by trolley or by bus? 你是乘電車還是乘公共汽車來的?
(19)He is still in hospital . 他還在住醫(yī)院。
7)用于轉(zhuǎn)化為物質(zhì)名詞或抽象名詞的類名詞。如:
(20)How do you like rabbit? 你喜歡免嗎?
(21)She said she cared a lot about face.她說她很愛面子。
(22)Bed was a place for sleeping. 床是睡覺的地方。
8)用于“kind,sort等+of ”結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
(23)What kind of flower is it? 那是一種什么花?
(24)I like this sort of book. 我喜歡這類書。
9)用于“形容詞+of”結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
(25)Andrew Powel was a large man, red of face. 安德魯•鮑威爾身材高大,臉紅紅的。
(26)She called to a tall and slender youth, smooth of cheek. 她向一個(gè)面頰光滑的瘦高個(gè)子青年喊叫。
10)用于獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
(27)A girl came in, book in hand. 一個(gè)少女進(jìn)來了,手里拿著書。
(28)She sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter. 她坐在桌前,衣領(lǐng)已解掉,頭低下來,放好鋼筆,準(zhǔn)備開始寫一封長(zhǎng)信。
零冠詞亦可用于復(fù)形類名詞,無數(shù)念或表復(fù)念。如:
(29)Paul is friends with Bill. 保羅與比爾要好。(無數(shù)念)
(30)Percy is great pals with a man called Nicksey. 珀西與一個(gè)叫尼克西的人是好友。(無數(shù)念)
(31)Liars must have good memories. 說謊的人必須有好的記憶力。(表復(fù)念)
(32)Children were seen playing in the sports-ground. 可以看到孩子們?cè)谶\(yùn)動(dòng)場(chǎng)上玩。(表復(fù)念)
3.19 零冠詞用于集體名詞
零冠詞可用于單形集體名詞,表復(fù)念。如:
(1)The Nazi war criminals were condemned for crimes against humanity. 納粹戰(zhàn)犯因其滅絕人性的罪行而被判刑。
(2)Machinery is oiled to keep it running smoothly. 機(jī)器要上油,以保持其轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)順滑。
(3)Farmers are always having trouble with various types of vermin. 農(nóng)民常為各種害蟲所苦。
零冠詞亦可用于復(fù)形集體名詞,表復(fù)念。如:
(4)He is not big on families, he says. 他說他并不看重家庭。
(5)Statistics suggest that the population of this country will be doubled in ten year’s time. 統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字預(yù)測(cè)該國(guó)人口在十年時(shí)間內(nèi)將翻一番。
3.20 零冠詞用于物質(zhì)名詞
零冠詞可用于單形物質(zhì)名詞,一般無數(shù)念。如:
(1)Blood is thicker than water. 血濃于水。
(2)You are drawing water with a sieve. 你是在用竹籃子打水(一場(chǎng)空)。
(3)Dinner is at six. 6點(diǎn)鐘開飯。
零冠詞亦可用于復(fù)形物質(zhì)名詞,多表復(fù)念或無數(shù)念。如:
(4)The windows are all covered with boards. 窗戶全用木板蓋上。
(5)There were little white clouds in the sky. 天空有小片白云。
(6)Are you short of funds? 你缺錢嗎?
(7)Oats is a crop mainly grown in cool climate. 燕麥?zhǔn)且环N主要生長(zhǎng)在寒帶的作物。(無數(shù)念)
3.21 零冠詞用于抽象名詞
零冠詞可用于單形抽象名詞,常無數(shù)念。如:
(1)Wisdom is better than strength. 智慧勝于力量。
(2)How time flies! 光陰飛逝!
(3)The bird swelled its breast and burst into song. 小鳥挺起胸脯,放聲歌唱。
但有時(shí)表復(fù)念。如:
(4)Let not ambition mock their useful toil. 不要讓雄心勃勃的人嘲笑他們的有益勞動(dòng)吧。(ambition指雄心勃勃的人,their指勞動(dòng)人民的)
零冠詞亦可用于復(fù)形抽象名詞,多表復(fù)念。如:
(5)Facts are facts. 事實(shí)就是事實(shí)。
(6)Misfortunes never come singly. 禍不單行。
(7)Rescue efforts are under way. 營(yíng)救工作正在進(jìn)行中。
但有時(shí)無數(shù)念。如:
(8)Sports is good for health. 運(yùn)動(dòng)有益健康。
(9)Rickets is quite rare now. 佝僂病現(xiàn)在很少見了。
(10)Defence studies is not a discipline renowned for semantic exactitude. 防御學(xué)并不是一門以語義精確而著稱的學(xué)科。
3.22 零冠詞用于名詞化的詞
零冠詞可用于名詞化的動(dòng)名詞、形容詞、過去分詞、序數(shù)詞等。
1) 零冠詞用于名詞化的動(dòng)名詞。如:
(1)The child was told to play within hearing of the house. 吩咐孩子在離房子里的人能聽得見的地方玩。(單形無數(shù)念)
(2)His actions are not in keeping with his promises. 他的行動(dòng)與他的承諾不符。(單形無數(shù)念)
(3)Good beginnings make good endings. 善始方能善終。(復(fù)形表復(fù)念)
(4)Guano means droppings from seabirds used as a sort of fertilizer. 鳥糞層就是海鳥的糞便,可以用作肥料。(復(fù)形表復(fù)念)
2) 零冠詞用于名詞化的形容詞,無數(shù)念或表復(fù)念。如:
(5)The reading materials are arranged from easy to difficult. 閱讀材料是由易到難安排的。(單形無數(shù)念)
(6)Old and young marched side by side. 老少并肩前進(jìn)。(單形表復(fù)念)
(7)Acrobatics is hard to learn but beautiful to watch. 雜技難學(xué)但好看。(復(fù)形無數(shù)念)
(8)We are taking our finals next week. 我們下星期舉行期末考試。(復(fù)形表復(fù)念)
3) 零冠詞用于名詞化的過去分詞。如:
(9)Let him try that game again on me, and I’ll soon put paid to it. 他如果再和我玩這套把戲的話,我將馬上叫他收起來。(單形無數(shù)念)
(10)Do you listen to news broadcasts every day? 你每天聽新聞廣播嗎?(復(fù)形表復(fù)念)
4) 零冠詞用于名詞化的序數(shù)詞。如:
(11)Fruit should be sorted into best and seconds and in some cases into thirds. 水果應(yīng)分類為最好和較次,有時(shí)還應(yīng)該分出第三類。(復(fù)形表復(fù)念)
3.23 零冠詞用于專有名詞
零冠詞常用于專有名詞。如:
(1)John Ford came in at last. 約翰•福特終于掌權(quán)了。
(2)I asked him how he liked Paris. 我問他喜不喜歡巴黎。
(3)July passed into August, August into September. 七月到了八月,八月又到了九月。
零冠詞亦可用于復(fù)形專有名詞。如:
(4)He works not only in weekdays but on Sundays. 他不僅平日工作,星期日也工作。
(5)Shakespeares are rarer than Napoleons. 莎士比亞式的人物要比拿破侖式的人物少。
零冠詞用于專有名詞可以:
1)表人名。如: William Shakespeare 威廉•莎士比亞 Miss Smith史密斯小姐 Queen Elizabeth伊麗莎白女王 Mama媽媽 Papa爸爸 Cook廚師 Nurse保姆
2)表地名。如: Craford Village 克拉福村 Cape Town 開普敦 New York City 紐約城 London倫敦 Durham County達(dá)勒姆郡 France法國(guó) Europe歐洲 Mount Qomolangma 珠穆朗瑪峰 Lake Success 成功湖 Pearl Harbour 珍珠港 Hainan Island 海南島 Lizard Point 利澤德角 Wall Street華爾街 Madison Avenue麥迪遜路 Drury Lane德魯里巷 Hyde Park海德公園 Trafalgar Square特拉法爾加廣場(chǎng) Westminster Abbey威斯敏斯特教堂 Canterbury Cathedral坎特伯雷大教堂 Holy Mother Church 圣母教堂 Windsor Castle溫莎城堡
3)表機(jī)構(gòu)、院校。如: Congress 國(guó)會(huì)(美國(guó)) Parliament議會(huì)(英國(guó)) Government政府 Oxford University牛津大學(xué) Harvard University哈佛大學(xué) Beijing University北京大學(xué) Eaton College伊頓公學(xué) Darla Farm達(dá)拉農(nóng)場(chǎng)
4)表月份、周日、節(jié)日。如: January一月 May五月 October十月 December十二月 Sunday星期日 Wednesday星期三 Saturday星期六 New Year’s Day 除夕 Christmas Day圣誕節(jié) Thanksgiving 感恩節(jié) National Day國(guó)慶節(jié)
5)表星體及其它。如: Mercury水星 Venus金星 Mars火星 Polaris北極星 Scorpion 天蝎座 Little Bear小熊座 God上帝 Heaven天國(guó) Holy Writ基督教《圣經(jīng)》 Genesis《創(chuàng)世紀(jì)》
3.24 零冠詞用于固定習(xí)語
零冠詞可用于固定習(xí)語。如:
(1)The crowd gave way to the ambulance. 人群給救護(hù)車讓路。
(2)Preventive measures were taken in time with good results. 及時(shí)采取預(yù)防措施,效果良好。
(3)Are you doing to take part in the discussion? 你打算參加討論嗎?
用零冠詞的習(xí)語有三類:
1)“動(dòng)詞+零冠詞+名詞”,如: cast anchor 拋錨 lose heart 喪失勇氣 catch fire 著火 make way 前進(jìn) change course 改變方向 mount guard 上崗(執(zhí)勤) change gear 換檔 send word 捎信 delay sentence 推遲判決 set sail 啟航
2)“介詞+零冠詞+名詞(+介詞)”,如: by chance 偶然 on hand 在手頭 by day 在白天 out of date 過時(shí) from beginning 從頭 in charge 主管 in fear 恐懼 on foot 步行 in front of 在...前面 on account of 由于 in spite of 不管 in place of 代替
3)“動(dòng)詞+零冠詞+名詞+介詞”,如: catch sight of 看到 make use of 利用 do duty for 當(dāng)...用 take hold of 抓住 find fault with 批評(píng) take exception to 反對(duì)
3.25 零冠詞的省略
有時(shí)名詞前無冠詞,但并非零冠詞,而是省去了不定冠詞或定冠詞。在下列情況下冠詞可省略。
1) 避免重復(fù)。如:
(1)The lightning flashed and thunder crashed. 電閃雷鳴。(thunder前省去the)
(2)The noun is the name of a person or thing. 名詞是人或物的名稱。(thing前省去a)
2)可省去句首的定冠詞the,如:
(3)Class is dismissed. 下課了。
(4)Fact is, she doesn’t like him. 事實(shí)是她不喜歡他。
3)在the next day(morning, etc.)等短語中,定冠詞the??墒÷浴H纾?/p>
(5)Next day they went to London together early. 第二天,他們一起很早就到倫敦去了。
(6)They stood on the jetty next morning. 第二天早晨,他們站在防波堤上。
4)日記體常省去定冠詞或不定冠詞。如:
(7)Nov. 1. Had sausages for breakfast. Fine day. Walk in morning. Riding lesson in afternoon. Chicken for dinner. 11月1日。早餐吃香腸。天氣晴和。上午散步。下午練騎馬。晚餐吃雞。(fine day,walk 與riding lesson前省去a,morning 與 afternoon前省去the)
5)報(bào)紙標(biāo)題、圖像說明、文章題目、標(biāo)志、廣告等常定冠詞或不定冠詞。如:
(8)Worker’s Arm Is Saved 工人的手臂得救了(報(bào)紙標(biāo)題,worker前省去a)
(9)Daughter-in-law measures up mother-in-law for a new jacket. 兒媳給婆婆量新衣。(像片說明,daughter-in-law與 mother-in-law前省去the)
(10)River Thames泰晤士河 (地圖標(biāo)志,省去the)
(11)Note on the Study of Shakespeare 莎士比亞研究札記(文章題目,note前省去a)
(12)Footpath to beach 此路通海灘 (道路標(biāo)志,footpath與 beach前皆省去the)
(13)Boy wanted 招聘男侍者一名(廣告,boy前省去a)
6)在簡(jiǎn)約文體中,如電報(bào)、注釋等,常省去定冠詞或不定冠詞。如:
(14)Your mother in hospital Stop Doctor fears end is near Stop Believe you should return soonest. 你母住院 大夫恐其不久人世 望速歸(電報(bào),doctor前省去the)
(15)See picture at street. 見詞目street處的圖。(注釋,picture前省去the)
(16)Proposal accepted. 同意(批語,proposal前省去the)
信函地址常省去定冠詞或不定冠詞。如:
(17) English Dept.
Foreign Studies University
Beijing, China 中國(guó)北京外國(guó)語大學(xué)英語系(English Dept. 前省去the)
口語中也常用簡(jiǎn)約體,省去定冠詞或不定冠詞。如:
(18)I knocked on door and there was no answer. 我敲了敲門,沒有回答。(door前省去the)
(19)Sorry. Rotten thing to say. 對(duì)不起,我這是廢話。rotten thing前省去a)
3.26 冠詞的重復(fù)
定冠詞指代表不同事物的不同名詞時(shí),一般須重復(fù),不可省略。如:
(1)The teacher and the guardian of the lad were discussing his case. 孩子的教師和監(jiān)護(hù)人正在研究孩子的情況。(guardian前的the不可省)
(2)The inner and the outer wall were both strongly defended. 里墻和外墻均嚴(yán)密守護(hù)著。(inner后省去wall,但outer前的the不可省去)
不同名詞指同一事物時(shí),為了強(qiáng)調(diào),亦可用定冠詞the。如:
(3)He was the actor and the statesman of his age. 他是當(dāng)時(shí)的演員和政治家。(the actor and the statesman指同一人,statesman前用the是為了強(qiáng)調(diào))
不定冠詞表一個(gè)以上的事物時(shí),一般應(yīng)重復(fù)。如:
(4)We have a black cat and a white dog. 我們養(yǎng)了一只黑貓和一只白狗。
如都是貓,則可共用一個(gè)名詞,但仍須重復(fù)不定冠詞。如:
(5)We have a black and a white cat. 我們養(yǎng)了一只黑貓和一只白貓。(如不重復(fù)a,則變成a black and white cat,意謂一只黑白花貓)
不定冠詞在不會(huì)引起誤會(huì)時(shí)亦可不重復(fù)。如:
(6)The noun is the name of a person or thing. 名詞是人或物的名稱。(thing之前省去a)
不定冠詞在指同一人時(shí),一般不重復(fù)。如:
(7)His uncle is a writer and translator. 他的叔父是個(gè)作家兼翻譯家。(a writer and translator指同一人,如強(qiáng)調(diào)這兩種身份亦可用a writer and a translator)
不定冠詞在一些表成套事物的詞組中不可重復(fù)。如: a cup and saucer 一副茶杯與茶托 a knife and fork 一副刀叉 a nut and bolt 一副螺釘
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