職稱英語 學(xué)英語,練聽力,上聽力課堂! 注冊 登錄
> 職稱英語 > 綜合輔導(dǎo) >  內(nèi)容

職稱英語語法詳解(1):詞類、名詞的數(shù)與格

所屬教程:綜合輔導(dǎo)

瀏覽:

手機(jī)版
掃描二維碼方便學(xué)習(xí)和分享

 

二、名詞的數(shù):

 

重點(diǎn)應(yīng)了解和掌握以下內(nèi)容:

 

1、名詞的可數(shù)和不可數(shù):

 

與漢語不同,英語中名詞要區(qū)分可數(shù)與不可數(shù)。

 

籠統(tǒng)地講,物質(zhì)名詞,如:water(水), iron(鐵), wood(木頭)等, 和抽象名詞,如:democracy(民主), freedom(自由), happiness(幸福)等為不可數(shù)。

 

不可數(shù)名詞前不能加a (an),后面不能加s (es),這是考試中對此類題目判斷的重要依據(jù)。

 

2、以下名詞為不可數(shù)名詞:

 

news(消息) information(信息)

 

furniture (家具) equipment(設(shè)備)

 

advice (勸告) weather(天氣)

 

work*(工作) clothing(衣服)

 

baggage(行李)

 

work作 “工作” 解釋時(shí)為不可數(shù)名詞,“找工作”不能說to find a work, 應(yīng)為to find a job; work作“著作”、“作品”解時(shí)是可數(shù)名詞,如:Deng Xiaopin‘s works (鄧小平著作)/ a work about Deng Xiaopin (一件關(guān)于鄧小平的作品);作 “工廠” 解釋時(shí),單復(fù)數(shù)同形:a steel works (一個(gè)鋼鐵廠) / two chemical works(兩家化工廠)

 

實(shí)例:

 

We have a large staff but there ______ in the office.

 

A. haven’t many furnitures

 

B. aren‘t many furnitures

 

C. hasn’t much furniture

 

D. isn‘t enough furniture

 

解題思路:根據(jù)名詞數(shù)的概念A(yù)、B肯定錯(cuò),不必考慮;C、D的主要差異是“hasn’t”與 “isn‘t”, 句子中有there,說明該句是there be句型,故正確答案為D.題中staff, office 等詞與解題無關(guān)。

 

注意辨別句子中斜體詞的數(shù)及其意義:

 

There is still much room for improvement. (仍有許多改進(jìn)的余地)

 

He has published two important papers on this subject. (他在這個(gè)課題上已發(fā)表了兩篇重要論文。)

 

3、以下名詞單復(fù)數(shù)同形:

 

means(手段) headquarters(司令部)

 

works(工廠) species(物種)

 

aircraft(飛機(jī)) Chinese(中國人)

 

sheep(羊) fish(魚)

 

中國的計(jì)量單位:li(里), yuan(元), mu(畝)等

 

實(shí)例:

 

Every means has been tried out, but without satisfactory results. (每個(gè)方法都試過了,但結(jié)果不令人滿意。)

 

4、形式上是復(fù)數(shù)的學(xué)科名稱,如physics , statistics, dynamics 作單數(shù)看待;時(shí)間、距離、鈔票、重量等復(fù)數(shù),可以看作一個(gè)整體作單數(shù)處理,如:Two days is not enough for me to finish the task. (要我完成此項(xiàng)任務(wù)兩天是不夠的。)

 

5、名詞做另一名詞的修飾語:

 

一般用單數(shù)形式,如:a college student中的college 為單數(shù)形式。

 

注意:

 

(1) 以下名詞做另一名詞修飾語時(shí)要用復(fù)數(shù)形式:sport → a sportsman (運(yùn)動員)/ sale → a sales department(銷售部) / savings → a savings account (儲蓄存款)/ communication → a communications satellite (通訊衛(wèi)星) / greeting → a greetings cable(慰問電)

 

(2) 不規(guī)則名詞修飾另一名詞時(shí)數(shù)的變化:a woman doctor (一個(gè)女醫(yī)生) → two women doctors (兩個(gè)女醫(yī)生) / the Chinese women’s volleyball team (中國女排) / a children hospital (兒童醫(yī)院)

 

6、family(家庭), group(小組), police(警察),committee(委員會), team(組), box(盒), audience(觀眾)等詞,可以是單數(shù),也可以是復(fù)數(shù),關(guān)鍵要看題目所給的提示,例如:

 

The whole box of matches _____ wet; I couldn‘t light a simple one

 

A. was

 

B. is

 

C. were

 

D. are

 

解題思路:這道題如果沒有后半句I couldn’t light a simple one,是沒辦法解答的。這句話提示了兩點(diǎn):

 

(1)時(shí)態(tài)為“過去時(shí)”,故B、D已不可能了;

 

(2)“a simple one”說明是指盒子內(nèi)的一根根火柴,故答案為C.試想,如果我們把后半句改為 “I had to throw it away”, 那么正確答案應(yīng)是A.

 

所以,看清題目的提示對于解題是非常重要的。

 

7、注意以下表達(dá)方式中名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式

 

to be / make friends with(友好 / 交朋友)

 

to change places with (交換位置)

 

to make preparations for(為…作準(zhǔn)備)

 

to give regards to(向…問好)

 

to make matters worse(把事情弄糟)

 

to hurt feelings(傷害感情)

 

to be all smiles(滿臉堆笑)

 

to take sides (偏袒某方)

 

to have words with(吵架)

 

to burst into tears (突然哭了)

 

8、量詞的使用:

 

由于英語中名詞分可數(shù)與不可數(shù),量詞的使用也有區(qū)別:

 

修飾可數(shù)名詞

 

(a) few / fewer / fewest

 

many / more / most

 

a great (good) many

 

many a

 

a number of

 

the number of

 

既可修飾可數(shù)名詞 也可修飾不可數(shù)名詞

 

a lot of / lots of

 

plenty of (time, money, people)

 

修飾不可數(shù)名詞

 

(a) little / less / least

 

much / more / most

 

a great (good) deal of

 

an amount of / amounts of

 

the amount of

 

量詞使用中應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問題:

 

1) 分清可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞是前提;

 

2) 不要把量詞的形式搞混淆了:下面哪個(gè)表達(dá)形式是對的?

 

A. A lot students have come back from the summer holiday.

B. A few of the students have come back from the summer holiday.

C. A great many of students have come back from the summer holiday.

D. Many a student has have come back from the summer holiday.

E. The number of students have come back from the summer holiday.

F. A number of students have come back from the summer holiday.

 

以上六個(gè)表達(dá)方式中只有F 是對的。為什么?

 

A. a lot students → a lot of students

B. a few of the students → a few students

C. a great many of students → a great many students

D. Many a student has come back from the summer holiday.

E. The number of 表示數(shù)目,如:The number of the students in our class is 50.

A number of 表示“一些”,“不少”,認(rèn)真對比一下,看出問題來了嗎?

問多少錢、多少重量時(shí)用:How much…?問距離時(shí)用:How far is it from…to…?

 

9、單位詞的使用

 

(1) 不可數(shù)名詞表示多少,一般用much, (a) little, a lot of, enough 等詞表達(dá),要數(shù)1,2,3,4…時(shí)要用“量詞”表達(dá),最常用的是a piece of (news, advice, furniture, information…)。

 

(2) 成雙成對的名詞一般用復(fù)數(shù),如:a pair of trousers (褲子) / scissors(剪刀) / glasses (spectacles)(眼鏡) / pliers(鉗子)

 

(3) a couple of表示一對,或2-3…,如:a couple of days / people / things

 

(4) 記住以下量詞表達(dá)方式:

 

a loaf (two loafs) of bread (一個(gè)(兩個(gè))面包)

a burst of laughter(一陣笑聲)

a fit of anger / chill(一陣發(fā)怒 / 發(fā)冷)

a game of chess (一盤棋)

a lump of sugar (一塊方糖)

 

10、其他應(yīng)注意的數(shù)的表達(dá)形式

 

1)a three-year-old boy 比較The boy is three years old

2) five thousand people / several thousand people比較 thousands of people

 

表達(dá)具體數(shù)字時(shí),thousand不加 “s”,后面不加 “of ”; ten, million, billion情況以此類推。

 

3) One-third of the students have passed College English Test Band IV.

Two-thirds of the students have passed College English Test Band IV.

One-third of the population in this area is living below the poverty line.

(這個(gè)地區(qū)有1/3人口生活在貧困線以下。)

 

注意:幾分之幾的表達(dá)形式;動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)由后面的名詞數(shù)決定。

 

4) a looker-on 比較two lookers-on(旁觀者) / a brother-in-law比較two brothers-in-law(姻親兄弟)

5) my father, together with (along with / with / as well as my mother and brothers) 結(jié)構(gòu)中,主語作單數(shù)處理,即my father

 

11、不定代詞的數(shù)

 

英語中要對 “2 ”這個(gè)數(shù)特別敏感:

1) 兩個(gè)中一個(gè)、另一個(gè): one , the other; 三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上中另一個(gè):another / any one

2) 兩個(gè)都:both; 兩個(gè)都不:neither; 兩個(gè)中任一個(gè):either

3) 三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上都:all; 都不:none

4) 不知總數(shù):一些:some ;另一些:others(有余數(shù))

5) 知道總數(shù):一些:some ; 另一些 (沒有余數(shù)了):the others

 

注意以下表達(dá)方式:each other / one another / one after another / one by one / the other day (過去的某一天)/ some day (今后的某一天) / every other day (隔天)/ on alternative days(隔天)/ someone else (別人) / something (anything, nothing) else (別的事)

 

實(shí)例:

 

I‘m sorry, I’m a stranger, too. You may ask ______ across the street.

A. another one

B. others

C. the other one

D. someone else

 

解題思路:雖然A、B、C沒有語法錯(cuò)誤,但D是習(xí)慣表達(dá)方式。

 


用戶搜索

瘋狂英語 英語語法 新概念英語 走遍美國 四級聽力 英語音標(biāo) 英語入門 發(fā)音 美語 四級 新東方 七年級 賴世雄 zero是什么意思佛山市名花商業(yè)城英語學(xué)習(xí)交流群

  • 頻道推薦
  • |
  • 全站推薦
  • 推薦下載
  • 網(wǎng)站推薦