在職稱英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)中,各種從句的用法一直是歷年考試必考的知識(shí)點(diǎn),也是最讓職稱考生頭痛、很容易丟分的環(huán)節(jié)。新東方在線網(wǎng)絡(luò)課堂職稱英語(yǔ)輔導(dǎo)團(tuán)隊(duì)整理了歷年考試中重點(diǎn)涉及的幾種從句的用法,今天先向大家介紹定語(yǔ)從句的特點(diǎn)、考點(diǎn)等,以幫忙職稱英語(yǔ)考生來(lái)重新熟悉并達(dá)到熟練運(yùn)用。
一、考點(diǎn)聚焦
1、功能:相當(dāng)于形容詞,修飾名詞或代詞,在句中作定語(yǔ)
2、位置:定語(yǔ)從句置于被修飾詞之后Those who are willing to attend the party, sign here please.
3、先行詞:被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的詞稱為先行詞(1)先行詞一般是名詞和不定代詞,如:some-, any-, every-和no與 -boy, -thing的合成詞;或all、none、any、some、that、those等代詞。數(shù)詞也可以作先行詞,人稱代詞也同樣可作先行詞。(2)先行詞與關(guān)系詞是等量關(guān)系。必須注意兩點(diǎn): ①先行詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí),從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)由先行詞而定。 This is the place which is worth visiting. ②關(guān)系詞在從句句子中充當(dāng)了成分,其意思就是先行詞的意義,所以在從句中不能重復(fù)其意。 There are many places we can visit(them)in China.
4、關(guān)系詞:引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的都稱關(guān)系詞關(guān)系代詞:who, whom, which, that, whose, as。關(guān)系副詞:when, where, why。that偶爾也作關(guān)系副詞。
5、確定關(guān)系詞的步驟(1)先找關(guān)系詞,看先行詞指的是什么。(2)看關(guān)系詞在從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞帧?br />
6、在定語(yǔ)從句中,當(dāng)先行詞指物時(shí),下列情況的關(guān)系詞宜用that而不用which(1)先行詞被①形容詞最高級(jí) ②序數(shù)詞 ③數(shù)詞幾種詞修飾或被 ④only、any、few、little、 no、all、one of等修飾時(shí)。(2)先行詞為all、much、little、none、 few、one、something、anything等不定代詞時(shí)。(3)先行詞中既有人又有物時(shí)。He was looking pleasantly at te children and parcels that filled his bus.(4)先行詞在主句中作表語(yǔ)關(guān)系詞在從句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)。 The village is no longer the one that was 5 years ago.(5)當(dāng)主句中含有疑問(wèn)詞which 時(shí)。Which are the books that you bought for me ?
7、宜用which而不用that的情況(1)在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中(2)在關(guān)系詞前有介詞時(shí)(3)當(dāng)先行詞本身是that時(shí)(4)當(dāng)關(guān)系詞離先行詞較遠(yuǎn)時(shí)
8、關(guān)系詞who與that指人時(shí),也有不同情況分別用不同的關(guān)系詞(1)當(dāng)主句是there be句型時(shí),關(guān)系詞用who。(2)先行詞是為 anyone、those、someone、everyone、one等詞時(shí),關(guān)系詞用who。(3)當(dāng)主句是who作疑問(wèn)詞時(shí),關(guān)系詞用that。 Who is that girl that is standing by the window?(4)whom在從句中只作賓語(yǔ),可被who取代。
9、whose作關(guān)系詞既指人又指物,在從句中作定語(yǔ)。如:Do you know Mr.Smith whose story is very moving ?There is a room, whose window faces the river.There is a room, the window of which faces the river.
10、關(guān)系代詞as,在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)。(1)先行詞被such和the same修飾,或句型as many(much)中,從句都用as 引導(dǎo)。Such books as you bought are useful.The school is just the same as it was 10 years age.注意:區(qū)別①such … that … 引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。 They are suchlovely children that we love them much.②the same … that … 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。I want to use the same tool that you used just now.(2)無(wú)先行詞的定語(yǔ)從句用as 和which引導(dǎo)。區(qū)別:①意義上:as 含有“這點(diǎn)正如……一樣”。②位置上:as 從句可置句首,也可在另處。He didn’t pass the exam, as we had expected.There is lots of air in loose snow, which can keep the cold out.As is known, the earth is round, not flat.
11、關(guān)系副詞when與where、why、thatwhen 指時(shí)間 = in / at / on / during whichwhere指地點(diǎn) = in / at / from / whichwhy指原因 = for which當(dāng)先行詞為way、day、reason、time時(shí),可用 that作關(guān)系副詞。(非正式場(chǎng)合)I don’t like the way that / in which / he talks.當(dāng)time作先行詞時(shí),關(guān)系詞可以省掉。This is the first time I have given you a lesson in French.
12、必須注意的問(wèn)題(1)關(guān)系詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),從句中謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)。(2)注意區(qū)別定語(yǔ)從句與強(qiáng)調(diào)句。①定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系詞作從句成分,復(fù)合句。②強(qiáng)調(diào)it無(wú)意義,that / who不是引導(dǎo)詞。③強(qiáng)調(diào)it is / was和that / who后如果句子意思講得通則是強(qiáng)調(diào)句,講不通則不是。 It is the museum that / which we visited last year.(定語(yǔ)從句)It was in the hotel that we stayed last night.(強(qiáng)調(diào)句)(3)定語(yǔ)從句與同位語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別。①定語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞被稱為關(guān)系詞,that充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)。有時(shí)可省略。②同位語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞被叫做連詞,that不能充當(dāng)任何成分,不可省。 Word came that their army was defeated.(同位語(yǔ))We expressed to them our wish that was the same as their.(定語(yǔ))(4)關(guān)系詞在從句中省略的情況。①關(guān)系詞作賓語(yǔ),前無(wú)介詞時(shí)。②關(guān)系詞作表語(yǔ)。(5)限制性定語(yǔ)從句與非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的翻譯。(6)關(guān)系詞前有介詞或復(fù)雜介詞,關(guān)系詞只能是which和whom。(7)幾個(gè)特殊的定語(yǔ)從句句型:①He is the only one of the students who has got very good marks in the match.(句中one為先行詞)He is one of the students who have got good marks in the match.(句中students為先行詞)②Is this place the one (that) we visited yesterday?Is this the place(that / which)we visited yesterday ?③He stood at the window, from where he could see what was happening.④It may rain, in which case the match will be put off.
二、精典名題導(dǎo)解
選擇填空:1. The film brought the hours back to me _________ I was taken good care of in that faraway village.
A.until
B.that
C.when
D.where
解析:答案為C。本題考查分隔定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞的選擇。作好本題的關(guān)鍵是要能辨認(rèn)出該定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞the hours和關(guān)系詞被介詞短語(yǔ)to me 所分隔。定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞是表時(shí)間的名詞hours, 并且關(guān)系詞在從句中用作狀語(yǔ),故應(yīng)選擇表示時(shí)間的關(guān)系副詞when。
2. ___________ is known to everybody, the noon travels around the earth once every month
.A.It
B.As
C.That
D.What
解析:答案為B。本題考查as引導(dǎo)的非限制定語(yǔ)從句。as作“正如……”解釋,引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句來(lái)修飾整個(gè)句子。當(dāng)as在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí),常用于下列短語(yǔ):as is known、as is said、as is reported、as is announced等。要注意掌握作關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的用法。
3. After living in Pairs for fifty years he returned to the small town ___________ he grew up as a child.
A.which
B.where
C.that
D.when
解析:答案為B。本題考查限制性定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系詞的選擇。定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞短語(yǔ)the small town, 且關(guān)系詞不作定語(yǔ)從句中的主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)而作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ),因此定語(yǔ)從句必須用關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)。要注意分清先行詞在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?,然后選擇適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系詞。
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