醫(yī)學(xué)英語：癌細(xì)胞擴(kuò)散

4As a pathologic entity, cancer is defined by its properties of uncontrolled local proliferation of cells,

作為病理學(xué)實(shí)體，癌癥指的是細(xì)胞惡性繁殖，且不可控，

with invasion of adjacent normal structure and by distant spread, or metastasis, via the bloodstream of lymphatic or within a body cavity.

并破壞周邊正常細(xì)胞組織，通過淋巴系統(tǒng)或在體腔內(nèi)完成轉(zhuǎn)移。

As a biologic entity, the malignant cell is defined by its ability to grow in tissue culture without the need for attachment to a firm surface

作為生物體，腫瘤細(xì)胞的惡性性質(zhì)是由下面因素決定的：在組織培養(yǎng)時(shí)，它無需附著于堅(jiān)固的表面就能生長(zhǎng)，

and by its loss of responsiveness to growth regulatory signals that cause differentiation and suppress proliferation.

并且它對(duì)能夠引起分化和抑制增生的生長(zhǎng)調(diào)節(jié)信號(hào)沒有反應(yīng)。

Many malignant cells preserve the growth and antigenic properties characteristic of fetal cells，

許多腫瘤細(xì)胞會(huì)繼續(xù)增長(zhǎng)，以及具有抗原性的癌胚細(xì)胞，

secrete proteins characteristic of fetal tissues ( such as the a-fetoprotein of hepatocellular carcinomas and germ-cell tissues) ,

還可分泌具有癌胚組織特性的蛋白質(zhì)（例如肝癌細(xì)胞的甲胎蛋白和生殖細(xì)胞組織），

and appear to be frozen in an early state of differentiation that recapitulates a specific stage in normal organ development.

在正常器官生長(zhǎng)的特殊階段-分化，癌細(xì)胞處于冷凍狀態(tài)。

For example, malignancies arising from the lymphoid system reflect all stages and types of B-and T-lymphocyte development and preserve the same complex of immunoglobulin

例如，淋巴系統(tǒng)中惡性腫瘤會(huì)體現(xiàn)在所有階段，T淋巴細(xì)胞和B淋巴細(xì)胞的發(fā)展也同樣如此，它保留了免疫球蛋白的復(fù)雜性，

and T-cell receptor gene rearrangement and cell surface proteins ( and in some cases potential for future differentiation) found in normal counterparts of the immune system.

T細(xì)胞受體基因重排以及細(xì)胞表面蛋白質(zhì)（在許多情況下，這些細(xì)胞會(huì)繼續(xù)分化），我們可以在正常的免疫系統(tǒng)中發(fā)現(xiàn)。

These properties have become the basis for classification, diagnosis, and even treatment of tumors,

這些特性是進(jìn)行分類、診斷甚至是治療的基礎(chǔ)，

as, for example, classification of lymphoid tumors based on reactivity with monoclonal antibodies.

例如根據(jù)單克隆抗體為基礎(chǔ)的淋巴細(xì)胞分類。

While the above characteristics are typical of most cancer cells, they are not universal.

上述特性適用于多數(shù)癌細(xì)胞，但它們不是普遍的。

Some endocrine-related tumors, for example, not only maintain well-differentiated morphologic features of their tissue of origin

例如一些內(nèi)分泌相關(guān)腫瘤，它們?cè)谛螒B(tài)上就維持了組織初期的良好分化，

but also retain endocrine function and produce bioactive hormonal substances typical of the mature tissue, as in pheochromocy-tomas.

還保留了內(nèi)分泌功能，并產(chǎn)生了成熟組織具備的生物活性激素，比如同嗜鉻細(xì)胞瘤。