外國(guó)人最想和你聊的時(shí)事話題：農(nóng)業(yè)中的化學(xué)污染
- 雙語(yǔ)介紹
- 關(guān)鍵詞句
What is chemical pollution in agricultural 什么是農(nóng)業(yè)中的化學(xué)污染
Chemical pollutants include a variety of substances created through combustion such as nitrogen oxide, carbon dioxide, lead, and sulfur. In addition, substances such as CFCs are considered to be chemical pollutants.
Chemical pollution is emitted on a daily basis by thermal power plants, cars, mines, refineries, and other similar manufacturing facilities. Cement and metal processing such as that used to create steel also add chemical pollutants to the atmosphere, as does the manufacture of pesticides, herbicides, and other chemicals.
Many nations have enacted pollution control laws designed to reduce factory emissions through the use of filters and modernized facilities.
Detergent as chemical pollutant: Detergent which we use in the washing are non biodegradable and when present in the environment they do not decay and will be present in the environment for ever. So Detergent are a major sources of pollution in the water bodies. They are to be properly treated before releasing to the environment.
Insecticide as chemical pollutant: Insecticide we use like DDT is potentially harmful to the human being. The use of chemical insecticide is more increasing due to the pressure on the land. More produce is expected from the given land, so use of large scale insecticide is imminent. So when the residual insecticide is not treated properly it goes into the ecosystem and it is not clearly by the environment very easily. When they are present in the environment they get into the food chain and can cause many diseases like cancer.
Heavy metal as chemical pollutant: Many heavy metals like Mercury, Chromium, lead is highly poisonous to the health. When they are present in the parts they are highly dangerous. They may cause many diseases including cancer and asthma Chromium which is mainly used in the lead tanneries, is the major pollutant of the water when the effluent of the tanneries are lead out into the water bodies. They affect aqueous living organism affecting the ecosystem.
Until the 1950s most farming was carried out on smaller family farms that used organic fertilizers and essentially their waste production was easily assimilated by soils and receiving water bodies. The period post 1950 has seen a worldwide shift to larger monoculture, intensively operated farm units. The farm yields have increased dramatically, however, to sustain the increasing yields and productivity farms are using large quantities of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. At the same time, deforestation has occurred on a large scale since the 1950s and the deforested land has been converted to agricultural (mostly in developing countries) and urban (both developed and undeveloped countries) land uses. Also, a massive shift of population from rural areas to the cities has occurred in developing countries since the 1950s. Surface and groundwater quality degradation due to agricultural practices and conversion of land to agriculture can be categorized as follows: a) degradation due to land use conversion from native lands to agriculture； b) increased erosion and soil loss due to agricultural practices； c) chemical pollution by fertilizers and pesticides； and d) pollution from animal operations. Abatement of agricultural diffuse sources of pollution can and must be conducted in the context of moving toward sustainable agriculture. Some trends toward sustainable agriculture are already emerging in the US and Europe.
食品污染(food pollution)是指食品在生產(chǎn)（包括農(nóng)作物種植crops planting和動(dòng)物飼養(yǎng)animal feeding、獸醫(yī)治療veterinarian treatment）、加工(process)、包裝(package)和貯運(yùn)(storage)過(guò)程中非故意加入食品中的物質(zhì)，包括環(huán)境污染和生產(chǎn)加工過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的（如霉菌毒素mycotoxin）。
隨著研究的深入，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)，從20世紀(jì)60年代開始廣泛應(yīng)用于工、農(nóng)業(yè)中的各種化學(xué)制劑(chemical agent)、化肥(fertilizer)、高效殺蟲劑(pesticide) 對(duì)環(huán)境的污染，導(dǎo)致了人類生殖力(fertility)下降，這些化學(xué)物質(zhì)能夠干擾人類雌雄激素(estrogen and androgen)分子。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，到20世紀(jì)末的50年間，男性的精子(sperm)數(shù)量減少了50％，甚至有人認(rèn)為人類如果不加以控制，最后會(huì)被自己創(chuàng)造的化學(xué)物質(zhì)所消滅。盡管這有點(diǎn)危言聳聽，但環(huán)境中化學(xué)物質(zhì)的危害應(yīng)該引起高度重視。
The program purpose is to reduce the pollution of agricultural products (mainly vegetables and fruits) and agro-environment (soil and water), e.g. caused by excessive use of agro-chemicals, organic and chemical fertilizers and from intensive livestock farming.
項(xiàng)目目標(biāo)是：減少農(nóng)藥、有機(jī)肥料和化學(xué)性肥料的過(guò)量使用、以及畜禽養(yǎng)殖過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的畜禽糞污染對(duì)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品（蔬菜、水果）和農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境（土壤、水）的污染。
Great efforts will made to monitor the rural environment and improve it in a comprehensive way of making a point of preventing and controlling agricultural chemical pollution.
積極開展農(nóng)村環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)和綜合治理，特別注意防治農(nóng)業(yè)化學(xué)污染。
The abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/ leads to pollution.
農(nóng)業(yè)方面化學(xué)物質(zhì)使用的不斷增加也造成了污染。
Chemical pollutants released into water or spread through the air are often invisible to human eye.
釋放到水體中或空氣傳播的化學(xué)污染物通常是不可見的。
One of the most disturbing aspects of the changes in Earth is the rate at which chemical pollutants produced by human activities, which are destroying the protective layer of ozone in Earth's upper atmosphere.
地球上的變化最令人煩擾的方面之一，是人類活動(dòng)所產(chǎn)生的化學(xué)污染正在迅速破壞地球上部大氣圈臭氧保護(hù)層。
Several decades ago, Americans dumped raw sewage into rivers and many industrial plants are now still dumping chemical pollutants into lakes, rivers and oceans.
幾十年前，美國(guó)人把未經(jīng)處理的污物、污水傾倒入江河，許多工廠如今仍在把化學(xué)污染物倒入湖泊、江河和海洋。
Studies of radioactive and chemical contaminants have taught scientists a great deal about the hazards of toxins and their threat to people and nature.
對(duì)放射性物質(zhì)和化學(xué)污染物的研究，使科學(xué)家認(rèn)識(shí)到許多關(guān)于毒素的危害以及它們對(duì)人類和自然的威脅。
The results show that there are hazards such as biological, chemical and physical contamination in the production of instant noodle sauce.
結(jié)果表明，方便面醬包生產(chǎn)中存在微生物污染、化學(xué)污染、物理污染等危害。
The soil has been poisoned with chemical waste from the factory.
工廠里排出的化學(xué)廢物污染了土壤。
The lake water is tainted with chemicals from the factory, and the water is not fit to drink.
從工廠流出的化學(xué)物污染了湖水，使得它不適于飲用了。
The chemical companies are poisoning our rivers and affecting our agriculture with effluent.
這些化學(xué)公司排出廢水污染著我們的河流，影響著我們的農(nóng)業(yè)。
There are many toxic (poisonous) pollutants, but those studied most are radioactive elements and certain chemical compounds used to kill insects.
污染物質(zhì)有許多是有毒物質(zhì)，其中對(duì)放射性元素和一些特定的用來(lái)殺滅昆蟲的化學(xué)化合物的污染研究得最多。
Part 3 Let's Talk！ 開始交流吧！
Monica: Woo what attractive strawberry. It must be delicious!
莫妮卡：哇，好誘人的草莓，一定很好吃！
Helen: But we should wait for a moment.
海倫：不過(guò)要稍等一下。
Monica: Why?
莫妮卡：為什么？
Helen: I will wash it twice by fresh water and soak it with saline water for a while before eating.
海倫：我要用清水洗兩遍，再用鹽水泡一段時(shí)間之后才能吃。
Monica: Washing it by fresh water is understandable, but how about soak by saline water?
莫妮卡：用清水洗我能理解，為什么還要用鹽水泡呢？
Helen: Because there are rudimental pesticides on the strawberry.
海倫：因?yàn)椴葺嫌袣埩舻霓r(nóng)藥。
Monica: I just learn that there are chemical substances on vegetables.
莫妮卡：我只知道蔬菜上有化學(xué)物質(zhì)。
Helen: In order to make fruits look prettier, many fruit growers apply many chemical pesticides.
海倫：現(xiàn)在很多果農(nóng)為了讓水果看上去好看，于是添加了很多化學(xué)農(nóng)藥。
Monica: Is that means these fruits are polluted by those chemical pesticides?
莫妮卡：這樣水果豈不是就被化學(xué)藥物污染了？
Helen: Yes, but these pesticides always maintain on the surface of fruits.
海倫：是的，但是這些藥物通常只存留在水果表面。
Monica: What the function of saline water?
莫妮卡：那么鹽水的作用是什么呢？
Helen: Saline water can have chemical reaction with certain substainces in pesticides and decrease its damage to people's health.
海倫：鹽水可以和農(nóng)藥中的某些物質(zhì)發(fā)生反應(yīng)，從而減少農(nóng)藥對(duì)人體的損害。
Monica: I've never heard about this before, and never done that neither.
莫妮卡：我之前從來(lái)沒(méi)有聽說(shuō)過(guò)，也從沒(méi)有這樣做過(guò)。
Helen: Although it is a little bit troublesome, it is for our health.
海倫：盡管有些麻煩，但為了身體健康還是照做吧。
Monica: I learn more today.
莫妮卡：嗯，我今天又長(zhǎng)了知識(shí)。
Helen: It almost about time, we can eat the strawberries.
海倫：時(shí)間差不多了，我們可以吃草莓了。
Monica: Terrific, I couldn't wait any longer.
莫妮卡：太好了，我都等不及了。
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