外國人最想和你聊的時事話題：收入分配
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What is income distribution 什么是收入分配
In economics, income distribution is how a nation's total economy is distributed among its population.Income distribution has always been a central concern of economic theory and economic policy. Classical economists such as Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo were mainly concerned with factor income distribution, that is, the distribution of income between the main factors of production, land, labor and capital.
Modern economists have also addressed this issue, but have been more concerned with the distribution of income across individuals and households. Important theoretical and policy concerns include the relationship between income inequality and economic growth.
The distribution of income within a community may be represented by the Lorenz curve. The Lorenz curve is closely associated with measures of income inequality, such as the Gini coefficient.
The reform of the income distribution system has been a headache for Chinese society for a long time. It is rooted in the huge income gap among the different classes of Chinese people. For example, while public servants and people working for public agencies have relatively high salaries and a promising future, migrant workers and farmers have very limited channels to lift their income. Additionally, the latter is excluded by China's social security system which definitely worsens their situation.
At the beginning of China's reform and opening which began over three decades ago, the central government adopted the national strategy of focusing on developing the manufacturing sector. Since then, farmers have had to work hard to ensure a material supply for the country's industrial development. Farmers have contributed much to the development of the Chinese economy, but have gained little. Aside from the income gap between rural residents and their urban counterparts, people in cities also have great gap in income levels.
The income gap between people living in different regions is also tremendous. While eastern provinces have realized economic prosperity by developing private companies and opening to the outside world, people living in central and western provinces are still striving to support their families. That's why the Chinese government started the "go-west project" ten years ago. But the regional income gap still exists.
Currently, the reform of the income distribution system is focused on reforming China's taxation system. According to an EO report, though Chinese officials have formed a consensus on reducing the tax burden for people with medium-level and low income, they remain uncertain on how to tax wealthy Chinese.
Furthermore, the Chinese government has been long criticized by occupying too much wealth. Though a tax cut is perceived to be an effective way to reduce government revenue, it will play a limited role in directly lifting people's income.
國民收入分配（the distribution of national income）廣義上指一國在一定時期內(nèi)的經(jīng)濟活動成果在各經(jīng)濟主體(economic entity)之間的分配；狹義上指國民收入在國民經(jīng)濟(national economy)各部門、各生產(chǎn)單位和非生產(chǎn)單位以及居民中的分配過程。就中國而言，它包括初次分配(primary distribution)、再分配(redistribution)和最終分配(ultimate distribution)三個過程。我們要深刻認識解決收入分配領(lǐng)域問題的緊迫性，遵循增進公平(fairness)、兼顧效率(effectiveness)的原則，重新審視財稅體制改革(financial and taxation system reform)過程中存在的傾向性問題，以及城鎮(zhèn)化(urbanization)、工業(yè)化(industrialization)、市場化(marketization)進程的影響，關(guān)注行業(yè)層面的壟斷(monopoly)現(xiàn)象和企業(yè)分配機制不合理的問題，注重教育、就業(yè)和社會保障(social security)等公共服務(wù)(public service)的均等化要求，加強政策研究和工作協(xié)調(diào)，推進機制改革和制度完善，抓緊解決收入分配領(lǐng)域存在的問題。
They will enter into a new income sharing agreement.
他們會簽訂一份新的收入分配協(xié)議。
The conventional view of poverty is based solely on the distribution of net incomes.
關(guān)于貧窮的傳統(tǒng)觀點僅僅是基于凈收入的分配。
We should deepen reform of the system for income distribution and progressively rationalize it.
我們應(yīng)當(dāng)深化收入分配制度改革，逐步理順分配關(guān)系。
The government should promote the reform of the wage and income distribution system and establish an incentive and restraining mechanism for income distribution.
政府應(yīng)當(dāng)推進工資收入分配制度改革，建立收入分配的激勵和約束機制。
Things have yet to be straightened out in the matter of income distribution.
收入分配關(guān)系尚未理順。
Reforming the wage and income distribution system should be paid enough attention.
改革工資收入分配制度應(yīng)當(dāng)受到足夠重視。
In the poor countries the main concern focused on the question of growth versus income distribution.
窮國關(guān)注的主要問題是增長與收入分配的關(guān)系。
The more likely explanation can be found in the enormous imbalance in world income distribution.
世界收入分配的巨大的不平衡狀況似乎是更為可信的解釋。
A second "noneconomic" objective to which trade policy might be addressed is the distribution of income within the nation.
可能涉及貿(mào)易政策的第二個"非經(jīng)濟"目標(biāo)，是國內(nèi)的收入分配。
Furthermore, the coverage of many of these surveys is too limited to provide reliable nationwide estimates of income distribution.
而且，許多這類調(diào)查工作的對象范圍太窄，不能提供全面范圍收入分配的可靠數(shù)字。
In addition to the overall rate of inflation or deflation, the sector distribution of income has been at issue.
除了總的通貨膨脹率或收縮率之外，部門間的收入分配也是爭論之點。
Levels of mass poverty are indicated by the income distribution in the country.
民眾貧困的水平是通過該國的收入分配來表示的。
This suggests how to go about the task of getting a numerical measure of the degree of inequality of income distribution.
這可以啟發(fā)我們?nèi)绾芜M行我們的任務(wù)，即為收入分配的不平等程度找到一種量化的衡量辦法。
Today's immediate problem is distribution of both food and income.
目前面臨的緊迫問題是食物分配和收入分配問題。
A glance at the income distribution in the U.S. shows how pointed is the income pyramid, how broad its base.
對美國的收入分配稍加觀察便可以看出收入的金字塔具有多么尖的頂和多么寬的底。
Lora: Darling, my salary increases!
勞拉：老公，我漲工資啦!
Collins: Really? Congratulations.
科林斯：是嗎？恭喜了。
Lora: But compared with those rich people, it still very low.
勞拉：不過和有錢人相比還是少得可憐。
Collins: The unfairness of income distribution exists in each country, which is difficult to be totally solved.
科林斯：收入分配不公平的問題在每個國家都存在，想徹底解決不是件容易的事情。
Lora: Yes. Some people, such as senior officials and actors, their income is virtually astronomical figures for us, while some others who make great contribution to the development of country gain little.
勞拉：是啊。有些人，如高官、演員的收入對我們來說簡直就是天文數(shù)字，相反許多為國家的發(fā)展做出很大貢獻的人收入?yún)s相當(dāng)微薄。
Collins: The monopoly in many industries also lead to the unfair income distribution.
科林斯：很多行業(yè)的壟斷現(xiàn)象也造成了收入分配的不公平。
Lora: Our government should implement income distribution reformation as soon as possible to relief the phenomenon of unfair distribution.
勞拉：政府應(yīng)該盡快貫徹收入分配制度改革以緩解收入分配不均的現(xiàn)象。
Collins: Apart from that, it should increase the money input of education, medical treatment and social security.
科林斯：另外政府還應(yīng)當(dāng)加大對于教育、醫(yī)療和社會保障體系的投入。
Lora: I heard that many countries afford the expenditure of people's medical treatment; even people in some countries can enjoy the allowance offered by government without working.
勞拉：我聽說很多國家看病都是由國家出錢，尤其是有些國家不用工作都可以享受國家提供的生活補助。
Collins: The national income not only depends on the rationality of distribution, but the economic development of the whole country.
科林斯：國民收入水平不僅取決于分配的合理性，更取決于整個國家經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展程度。
Lora: I agree with your opinion. But I believe that fair distribution is more important. The living standards of many people in our country can be increased if the total national income can be distributed fairly.
勞拉：我同意你的觀點。但我還是認為分配的公平更重要。如果能將我國的總收入進行平均分配，很多人的生活水平都將得到顯著的提高。
Collins: You're right. The government has devoted in the reform of income distribution system, and increase people' deposable income by various means, such as increase the starting point of taxation.
科林斯：你說的很有道理。政府近些年來一直致力于改革收入分配制度，通過各種手段使人們的可支配收入增加，比如提高了個人所得稅的起征點。
Lora: This is a good policy, and I can gain hundreds more money.
勞拉：這項政策非常好，我可以多獲得幾百元的收入。
Collins: I believe that social income distribution will become fairer through the government's effort.
科林斯：相信通過政府的努力，社會的收入分配會變得越來越公平。
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