專八人文知識精講(12)：英國社會
全國醫(yī)療保健
1. Britain is regarded as a welfare state. Thissystem is funded out of national insurancecontributions and taxation. In Britain the term appliesmainly to the National Health Service (NHS), national insurance and social security.
英國被認為是福利制度的國家。此制度的所需資金來源于全國保險稅和賦稅。在英國，這主要是指國民保健制度，國民保險和社會保障制度。
2. The National Health Service provides for every resident, regardless of income,a full range of medical services. The service was established in the U.K. in 1948.Over 82 per cent of the cost of the health service in Great Britain id funded out ofgeneral taxation. The rest is met from: (1) the NHS element of National Insurancecontributions; (2) charges towards the cost of certain items such as drugs prescribedby family doctors, and general dental treatment; (3) other receipts, including landsales and the proceeds of income generation schemes.
不管個人收入如何，國民保健制度為每個居民提供全面醫(yī)療服務。英國于1948年確立此制度。英國國民保健制度82%以下的費用來自普通稅收，其他部分來自(1)國民保險金中的國民保險金部分;(2)象對家庭一生開的藥單和普通牙科治療所收的費用;(3)其他收入，包括出售土地和增收計劃的收益。
3. There are proportional charges for most types of HNS dental treatment,including examinations. Sight test are free to children. No one is liable to be chargedby the National Health Service for treatment in an accident, emergency or for aninfectious disease. Central government is directly responsible for the NHS, which isadministered by a range of local health authorities and health boards throughout theU.
國民保健制度中多數(shù)牙科治療都要收取一定比例的費用，包括檢查費。視力檢查對兒童免費。國民保健制度對事故，急診或傳染病的治療不收費，中央政府直接負責國民保健制度，由全國各地的保健機構和衛(wèi)生委員會實施。
4. The family health services are those given to patients by doctors, dentists,opticians and pharmacists. In order to obtain the benefits of the NHS a person mustnormally be registered on the list of a general practitioner (GP, sometimes knows asa "family doctor").
家庭保健服務由醫(yī)生、牙醫(yī)、眼科大夫和藥劑師提供給病人。為獲得國民保健制度的服務，人們必須在普通開業(yè)醫(yī)生的名冊上注冊。
5. A full range of hospital services is provided by district general hospital. Thereare also specialist hospital or units for children, people suffering from mental illness,those with learning disabilities, and elderly people, and for the treatment of specificdiseases.
地區(qū)普通醫(yī)院提供全面的醫(yī)院服務。也有為兒童，精神病人，有學習障礙者，老人和特殊病人開設的專門醫(yī)院或病區(qū)。
6. The National Health Service is the largest single employer of labour in the U.K.NHS has suffered from underfunding in recent decades, as a result of which manybetter-off people have been turning to private medical health care.
國民保健制度是英國最大的用人機構。近幾十年來，因為資金不足，許多比較富裕的人正逐漸轉(zhuǎn)向私人的醫(yī)療保健機構。
7. Personal social services in Britain assist elderly people, disabled people, peoplewith learning disabilities or mental illness, children, and families facing specialproblems. These statutory service are provided by local government social servicesauthorities.
在英國，個人社會服務向老人，殘疾人，有學習障礙者，精神病人，有特殊家庭困難的人等。地方政府社會服務委員會提供法定援助。
II. social Security
社會保險
1. The social security system is designed to secure a basic standard of living forpeople in financial need. Nearly a third of government expenditure is devoted to thesocial security programme which provides financial help for people who are elderly,sick, disabled, unemployed, widowed, bringing up children or on very low incomes.
社會保險制度設立的目的是保障經(jīng)濟困難的人們的基本生活水平，政府開支的近三分之一用于社會保險計劃。此計劃給老人，病人，殘疾人，失業(yè)者，寡婦，撫育幼兒者或低收入者提供經(jīng)濟幫助。
2. Administration in Great Britain is handled by separate executive agencies ofthe Department of Social Security. In Northern Ireland by the Social Security Agency.
大不列顛的社會保險由社會保險部獨立執(zhí)行機構管理，在北愛爾蘭則是社會保險局。
3. contributory social security benefits, it include:( 1) retirement pension; (2)unemployment pension; (3) sickness and invalidity benefit and (4) Maternityallowance and widows's benefits.
需要先交費的社會安全福利(個人有工作收入時交，無收入時領)，其中包括：退休金，失業(yè)金，病殘福利金，孕產(chǎn)期補助金，寡婦補助金。
4. non-contributory social security benefits, it include: (1) war pensions;(2)industrial injuries disablement benefit;(3) child benefit and (4) family credit.
不需要先交費的福利金，包括戰(zhàn)爭傷亡撫恤金，工傷致殘救濟金，兒童補助金，低收入家庭補助金。
III. Religion
宗教
1. Everyone in Britain has the right to religious freedom with out interferencefrom the community or the State. He may change his religion at will may manifesthis faith in teaching, worship and observance. Except that the Lord Chancellor maybe a Roman Catholic, public offices are open without distinction to members of allchurches or none.
在英國，人人都有信仰宗教的權利，社會和政府不得干涉。他可以隨意改變宗教信仰，可以在教職，禮拜或儀式中表明他的信仰。除了英國大法官可以是羅馬天主教徒外，公共職務對各種信仰或沒有信仰的人一律公開。
2. Established churches
國教
There are two established church in Britain: in England the church of England and Scotland the Church of Scotland.
英國有兩大國教，在英格蘭是英格蘭國教，蘇格蘭是蘇格蘭教會(長老教)。
3. Church of England is uniquely related to the Crown in that the Sovereign mustbe a member of that Church and as "Defender of the Faith". The Church is alsolinked with the State through the House of loads. The church of England is not freeto change its form of worship, as laid down in the Book of Common Prayer withoutthe consent of Parliament.
英格蘭國教與君主有獨特的聯(lián)系。因為君主作為"國教的捍衛(wèi)者"必須是此教會的一員，他在登基時必須承諾維持國教。國教還通過上議院與政府聯(lián)系。沒有議會同意，英格蘭教會不可隨意改變"國教祈禱書"中規(guī)定的禮拜儀式。
4. The government of the Church of Scotland is Presbyterian, that is,government by ministers and elders, all of whom are ordained to office. TheMonarch is normally represented at the general assembly by the Lord HighCommissioner.
蘇格蘭教的管理是長老制，也就是由教士和長老治理。他們被授予圣職，王室高級代表通常代表君主光臨會議。
5. Unestablished churches
非國教教會
There are include: the Anglican Churches，the Free Churches，the Roman Catholic Church.
主要有圣公會，自由教，羅馬天主教。
IV. Festival and Public Holidays
節(jié)假日
The Christian festival of the year and Christmas, Easter, and Whit Sunday.
其主要的節(jié)日有圣誕節(jié)，復活節(jié)，圣靈降臨節(jié)。
