專八人文知識(shí)必背

1. A Tale of Two Cities was written by Charles Dickens.
2. Phonology: The study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation. 音位學(xué)； 在語(yǔ)言或一門(mén)語(yǔ)言中，對(duì)有關(guān)其分類和模式以及為大家所默認(rèn)的發(fā)音規(guī)則的研究音韻學(xué)，音系學(xué)
3. Syntax: The study of the rules whereby words or other elements of sentence structure are combined to form grammatical sentences. 句法，研究詞或其它句子成分如何聯(lián)合起來(lái)形成合乎語(yǔ)法的句子規(guī)則的學(xué)科
4. Semantics: The study or science of meaning in language forms.語(yǔ)義學(xué)，以語(yǔ)言形式表示意思的研究或科學(xué)
5. acronym : 首字母組合詞，首字母縮略詞，比如，NATO, UNESCO, BASIC,它們可以連拼，但VOA是 Initialism。

6. Metonymy: A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated, as in the use of Washington for the United States government or of the sword for military power. 換喻或轉(zhuǎn)喻，一種，一個(gè)詞或詞組被另一個(gè)與之有緊密聯(lián)系的詞或詞組替換的修辭方法，如用華盛頓代替美==或用劍代替軍事力量，對(duì)面來(lái)了三個(gè)“紅領(lǐng)巾”也是，以紅領(lǐng)巾指代少先隊(duì)員。
7. Simile: A figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared, often in a phrase introduced by like or as, as in How like the winter hath my absence been or So are you to my thoughts as food to life （Shakespeare）。明喻， 一種修辭手法，把兩種基本不相像的東西進(jìn)行比較，通常在由 like或 as引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)中，如 “我的離開(kāi)好象是冬天來(lái)臨”或“你對(duì)我的思想就象食物對(duì)于生命一樣重要”（莎士比亞）
8. Metaphor: A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison, as in a sea of troubles or All the world's a stage（Shakespeare） 隱喻一種語(yǔ)言表達(dá)手法，通常用指某物的詞或詞組來(lái)指代他物，從而暗示它們之間的相似之處，如 “憂愁之海”或“整個(gè)世界一臺(tái)戲”（莎士比亞） the ship of desert 沙漠之舟
9. Oxymoron: A rhetorical figure in which incongruous or contradictory terms are combined, as in a deafening silence and a mournful optimist. 矛盾修飾法， 一種把互相矛盾或不調(diào)和的詞合在一起的修辭手法，如 在震耳欲聾的沉默和悲傷的樂(lè)觀 cruel kindness
10. The affection name given to the clock tower of the Houses of Parliament, Westminster is Big Ben.

11. John Milton the poet wrote of Adam and Eve's expulsion from the Garden of Eden in Paradise Lost. Paradise Regained was also written by him.
12. Sonnet: A 14-line verse form usually having one of several conventional rhyme schemes. 十四行詩(shī)體， 一種由十四行組成的詩(shī)歌形式，通常有一種傳統(tǒng)的押韻形式， 莎士比亞用過(guò)此詩(shī)體。
13. Slang: A kind of language occurring chiefly in casual and playful speech, made up typically of short-lived coinages and figures of speech that are deliberately used in place of standard terms for added raciness, humor, irreverence, or other effect. 俚語(yǔ)主要出現(xiàn)在非正式的、游戲性的話語(yǔ)中的一種語(yǔ)言，基本由存在時(shí)間很短的派生詞和修辭構(gòu)成，它們被故意地用來(lái)取代標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的詞語(yǔ)以達(dá)到生動(dòng)、幽默、無(wú)禮或其它效果
14. Catch Phrase: A phrase in wide or popular use, especially one serving as a slogan for a group or movement. 警句，妙句，吸引人的詞句廣泛使用的或流行的用語(yǔ)，尤指用作集團(tuán)或運(yùn)動(dòng)的口號(hào)的用語(yǔ)。
15. Jargon: The specialized or technical language of a trade, profession, or similar group. 行話， 一個(gè)行業(yè)、職業(yè)或類似的團(tuán)體中使用的專業(yè)的或技術(shù)的語(yǔ)言。

16. Platitude: A trite or banal remark or statement, especially one expressed as if it were original or significant. 陳腔濫調(diào)， 陳腐的或平庸的評(píng)論或陳述，尤指某人表述它時(shí)好象它是新穎的或有意義的
17. Hyperbole: A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect, as in I could sleep for a year or This book weighs a ton. 夸張法，一種比喻，使用夸張來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)或產(chǎn)生某種效果，比如在我能睡一年或這書(shū)有一噸重
18. onomatopoeia: The formation or use of words such as buzz or murmur that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to. 象聲詞， 詞的構(gòu)成或用法，例如 buzz或 nurmur模仿事物或行動(dòng)的聲音。
19. hypotaxis: 從屬關(guān)系
20. parataxis: 并列結(jié)構(gòu)，指 短語(yǔ)或分句間不用連詞， 如：I came, I saw, I conquered.

21. Transcendentalism: A literary and philosophical movement, associated with Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller, asserting the existence of an ideal spiritual reality that transcends the empirical and scientific and is knowable through intuition. 超驗(yàn)主義， 一種文學(xué)和哲學(xué)運(yùn)動(dòng)，與拉爾夫？沃爾多？愛(ài)默生和瑪格麗特？富勒有關(guān)，宣稱存在一種理想的精神實(shí)體，超越于經(jīng)驗(yàn)和科學(xué)之處，通過(guò)直覺(jué)得以把握
22. Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote the Scarlet Letter. 美國(guó)
23. Morphology: The study of the structure and form of words in language or a language, including inflection, derivation, and the formation of compounds.詞法，詞態(tài)學(xué)，形態(tài)音位學(xué)， 語(yǔ)言或某一語(yǔ)言中對(duì)于單詞的結(jié)構(gòu)和形式的研究，包括詞尾變化、派生和合成詞的構(gòu)成
24. affricate: A complex speech sound consisting of a stop consonant輔音 followed by a fricative摩擦； for example, the initial sounds of child and joy. 塞擦音由閉塞音伴隨著摩擦音而形成的復(fù)雜的語(yǔ)音；例如 child和 joy的第一個(gè)音Also called: affricative.
25. Vanity Fair 名利場(chǎng) was written William Makepeace Thackray