《時代經典用詞》科技篇生物

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biofeedback
生物反饋
That knowledge could conceivably translate into an ability to finetune those states at will-through either pharmacology or sophisticated biofeedback techniques.
而那些知識或許可以轉化成一種能力，來對這些精神狀態(tài)作精細的控制——不論是使用藥劑或是復雜的生物反饋技術。
For ordinary folks,
對一般人而言，
biofeedback can be a useful tool in treating dozens of ailments,from asthma to epilepsy,chronic pain to drug addiction.
生物反饋是能夠治療氣喘到癲癇癥、慢性疼痛到毒癮等多種疾病的有效工具，
It is perhaps the single most effective treatment for Raynaud's disease,a condition mainly afflicting women,
也可能是治療雷諾氏病最有效的方法；這種病主要發(fā)生在婦女身上，
in which the fingers turn white,cold and painful when they are exposed to cold.
處于寒冷的環(huán)境中就會出現(xiàn)手指變白、寒冷、疼痛的癥狀。
biological clock
生物時鐘
As the tick,tick,tick of the biological clock sounded ever louder,aging baby boomers got down to the business of having a baby boomlet of their own.
隨著生物時鐘的滴答聲愈來愈響，年華日漸老去的嬰兒潮這一代，開始營造他們自己的生育小高峰。
Around Tokyo,many young people speculate that the reason might be as simple as the ticking of the biological clock.
在整個東京，許多年輕人都揣沒，她這么做的理由可能很簡單，那就是生物時鐘正聲聲催人。
She was nearing 30,late for a Japanese woman to marry and have children.
她年近30，就日本女人而言，這時結婚生子已嫌晚，
And with the crown prince in the picture,very few men would be willing to court her.
再則，她和太子交往，也使敢追求她的男人變得少之又少。
centenarian
百齡人瑞
The picture of 4 million doddering,medically needy centenarians is not pretty,but the prospect may not be so grim.
這幅400萬名步履蹣跚、疾病纏身的百齡人瑞的景象可是不怎么賞心悅目，不過預期的情況不至于如此悲觀。
Darwin
達爾文
Ever since Darwin,the idea of "survival of the fittest" as an inexorably "progressive" force has been misused to justify poverty,genocide and suffering in general.
自達爾文開始，“適者生存”這股冷酷無情的“演進”力量，就遭到人們誤用，成為貧窮、大屠殺、苦難的借口。
As many small businessmen see it,
許多小企業(yè)認為，
the government is letting thousands of them sink through a Darwinian selection:survival of the biggest.
政府正讓數(shù)以千計的小企業(yè)，在“大者生存”這個達爾文式的淘汰過程中滅頂。
Fernando Ponce,controls more than 50 corporations.
費南多•彭斯控有50余家公司。
"We employ almost 5000 people," he says.
“我們有5000名員工，”他說，
"That's our main strength;you just can't let an enterprise like this die."
“那是我們的主要籌碼；像這樣規(guī)模的企業(yè)，你不能讓它倒閉就倒閉。”
eugenics
優(yōu)生學
During his more forthright racist days,
以往抱持強烈種族主義的日子里，
he had eugenic solutions for the problem:
他對于這個問題有優(yōu)生學的解決方案：
tax deterrents to breeding by the lower class matched by incentives for the genetically superior.
對那些處于下層的民眾生育施以稅務方面的制裁，同時提供宣傳鼓勵遺傳基因優(yōu)秀的民眾生育。
eyeless gene
無眼基因
Marvels William McGinnis,a Yale University biologist:
耶魯大學的生物學家威謙•麥克基尼斯贊嘆道：
"All you have to do,it seems,is switch on the eyeless gene,and you get these beautiful eyes."
“看起來，你所需要做的只是將這個無眼基因的開關打開，就能夠得到漂亮的眼睛。”
genetic engineering
遺傳工程
Most people strongly oppose human genetic engineering for any purpose except to cure disease or grow more food.
許多人強烈反對人體遺傳工程，只同意將其運用在醫(yī)療疾病及增加作物產量方面。
A substantial majority think altering human genes is against the will of God.

大多數(shù)的人都認為改變人類基因是違反上帝旨意的事。
DNA fingerprinting
DNA指紋術
Matching a suspect's DNA,the genetic material found in most cells,
DNA是大部分的細胞里都可發(fā)現(xiàn)的遺傳物質，
with DNA found in blood or semen at the scene of a crime can provide seemingly indisputable evidence of guilt.
將嫌疑犯的DNA與犯案現(xiàn)場所找到的血液或精液相比對，就可以得到犯案的鐵證。
But now DNA fingerprinting is itself on trial,and shadows of doubt are falling on detective work that once seemed virtually infallible.
但如今，DNA指紋術本身也受到了考驗，一度似乎是絕對可靠的偵查手段，正遭到陣陣質疑。
Homo sapiens
智人
And our own species,Homo sapiens,
而我們自己所屬的人種，就是智人，
may be much older than anyone had suspected.
可能比任何人所猜測的都要古老。
If even portions of these claims prove to be true,
這些主張中只要有一部分被證明是對的，
they will force a major rewrite of the book of human evolution.
那么有關人類進化的書籍就要做全面改寫。
It's also difficult to say whether are originated in a specific part of the world.
藝術是否系源自于某一特定地區(qū)，這也是難以斷定的。
By the time of humanity's great artistic awakening,
在人類的藝術大覺悟之前，
Homo sapiens had probably already traveled from its African homeland through most of Europe and Asia.
智人極可能已離開其非洲的故鄉(xiāng)，游遍歐洲和亞洲的大部分地區(qū)。
Human Genome Project
人類基因組計劃
Last year,after months of deliberation,
去年，在經過幾個月的思考之后，
Collins left his faculty post at the University of Michigan Medical School to lead the Human Genome Project,
柯林斯離開了他在密歇根大學醫(yī)學院的教授職位，而來領導人類基因組計劃。
an audacious effort to decipher the complete genetic script contained in human cells.
這是一個大膽的嘗試，希望能夠將人類細胞中所隱含的遺傳密碼通通加以破解。
p53
p53抑癌基因
Dr. Curtis Harris,a molecular epidemiologist,has been examining cells from liver-and-lund-cancer patients,
分子流行病學家哈瑞斯•柯提斯博士一直在檢驗來自肝癌及肺癌患者身上的細胞，
searching for mutations in a tumor-suppressor gene known as p53.
找尋一種稱為p53抑癌基因的突變情況。
Pavlov,Ivan Petrovich
巴甫洛夫
Soviet psychiatry began to take shape in the 1920s and drew especially on the work of physiologist Ivan Pavlov.
1920年代蘇聯(lián)的精神病學開始形成，主要歸因于生理學家伊凡•巴甫洛夫的研究。
By early 1984,investigators concluded that 369 of the 400 children interviewed had been abused.
到了1984年初，調查人員斷定在400名受訪兒童中，有369名曾受虐待。
MacFarlane's technique seemed Pavlovian:
麥克法蘭的方式似乎是巴甫洛夫式的：
emotional rewards to the children who accused the teachers,rebuffs to those who did not.
對于控告老師的兒童給予情感上的鼓勵，反之則冷淡對待。
symbiosis
共生
He did not set out to raise the dead but rather to study symbiosis,the mutually beneficial relationship that exists between complex organisms and their microbial fellow travelers.
他原來的工作方向并不在使死者復活，而在研究復雜的有機機及隨其同行的微生物之間的互利關系，也就是共生現(xiàn)象。
To that end,Cano,began working with insects fossilized in ancient amber and the microbes,presumably long dead,that their bodies contained.
為達此目的，卡諾開始研究古老琥珀中的昆蟲化石，及這些昆蟲體內的微生物。