雅思閱讀中的these 對代詞的忽視導致錯誤率高

　　在雅思閱讀考試中，有很多考生都有這樣的體驗，明明反應定位很準確，但是卻找不到答案。這種情況是多方面原因造成的，但對代詞的忽視是一個重要原因。很多考鴨沒有注意到代詞的指代作用，從而導致用時過多，答對率下降。本文通過劍橋雅思真題中活生生的案例，為大家支招一眼看見雅思閱讀中的那些these。

　　首先，我們來看一下劍橋6P91的Q17。

　　As a result, factors such as 17_______ and attitudes to children have been eliminated...

　　文中出現(xiàn)了我們非常熟悉的and結構，找到attitudes基本上距離答案就不遠了。另外，并列結構 such as 前的factors,以及部分考鴨不太熟悉的eliminated,也具有提示作用?；氐皆亩ㄎ?。

　　Now a long-term study carried out in Nicaragua has eliminated these factors by showing that teaching reading to poor adult women, who would other wise have remained illiterate, has a direct effect on their children's health and survival.

　　我們找到了factors和eliminated， 但既沒有找到and結構，也沒找到attitudes。不少考鴨會習慣性繼續(xù)向下尋找，進而距離答案越來越遠。這里，我們忽視掉了非常重要的一個代詞these。它用來指代前面的結構，也暗示前面出現(xiàn)了我們需要的factors。我們只需向前看一句，便輕松得到了答案。

　　Most literate women learnt to read in primary school, and the fact that a woman has had an education may simply indicate her family's wealth or that it values its children more highly.

　　我們會發(fā)現(xiàn)兩個并列結構 and和or, 而題目中and 后跟的‘attitudes to children ’與這句話中‘it values its children more highly ’做了同義轉述，所以答案應為or前方的 family’s wealth，選項J即為答案。這里attitude 的同義轉述無形中增加了難度，即使大家先于定位句看到這句話也不容易得到答案。但是，有了these的提示，并謹記‘代詞向前看’這一原則，相信答案就會乖乖地到碗里來。

　　同樣的案例也出現(xiàn)在了劍橋8的P29，請大家自行完成。

　　Positive results could be produced by factors such as 34 ………… or 35 ………….

　　原文： Just because chance had been ruled out as an explanation did not prove telepathy must exist; there were many other ways of getting positive results. These ranged from 'sensory leakage' - where clues about the pictures accidentally reach the receiver - to outright fraud. In response, the researchers issued a review of all the ganzfeld studies done up to 1985 to show that 80 per cent had found statistically significant evidence. However, they also agreed that there were still too many problems in the experiments which could lead to positive results, and they drew up a list demanding new standards for future research.

　　我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，上面的案例還僅僅局限于兩句之間的代詞指代作用，但如果大家的認識僅僅局限于此，就太小看代詞these了。下面咱們再看一個例子，這個題目是來自劍橋9P21的Q14，為文章的B段選標題。

　　原文：

　　B

　　In discussing whether we are alone, most SETI scientists adopt two ground rules. First, UFOs (Unidentified Flying Objects) are generally ignored since most scientists don’t consider the evidence for them to be strong enough to bear serious consideration although it is also important to keep an open mind in case any really convincing evidence emerges in the future. Second, we make a very conservative assumption that we are looking for a life form that is pretty well like us, since if it differs radically from us we may well not recognize it as a life form, quite apart from whether we are able to communicate with it. In other words, the life form we are looking for may well have two green heads and seven fingers, but it will nevertheless resemble us in that it should communicate with its fellows, be interested in the Universe, live on a planet orbiting a star like our Sun, and perhaps most restrictively, have a chemistry, like us, based on carbon and water.

　　當你看到選項‘iv. Assumptions underlying the search for extra terrestrial intelligence ’時，不知是否有絕對把握選擇它。在非常短的時間內選出這個答案還是需要實力的，而且不少考鴨即使選中此選項也不是特別確定，心理上的波動對下面的題目也會有一定影響。但是當我們看到C段首句‘Even when we make these assumptions, our understanding of other life forms is still severely limited.’時，我們會非常自信地選出答案iv。這里，these assumptions 對上一段信息做了概括，可見these的強大。同樣的案例在劍橋7P70的Q14也有所體現(xiàn)，只不過將B段首句中的techniques替換為了iv.選項中的methods罷了。

　　實際上，在代詞家族中this、that、they、those等都有類似用法，有心的考鴨可以在平時的學習中做個有心人，留意觀察，并謹記‘代詞向前看’的原則，相信這些起到指代作用的代詞會在大家奪取雅思閱讀高分的路上助大家一臂之力。另外，在雅思寫作中合理使用代詞起到暗連接作用也是備受考官親睞的,大家不妨試一下。