雅思閱讀之選擇題選項(xiàng)類型全分析

　　選擇題在雅思閱讀中出題頻率雖然沒有判斷題那么高，但依然是雅思閱讀中的主流題型，在2015年整年和2016年截止到目前為止的閱讀考試中，選擇題約占20%的比重，所以也是考生不容小覷的一項(xiàng)題型。選擇題整體難度中等，但是陷阱較多，干擾項(xiàng)很多，考生會(huì)在選項(xiàng)之間來回糾結(jié)，拿不定主意，導(dǎo)致時(shí)間 浪費(fèi)，錯(cuò)誤率高。經(jīng)過深入研究，專業(yè)人士對(duì)選擇題的選項(xiàng)類型進(jìn)行了細(xì)分和全方面解析，在下文中將從正確項(xiàng)、錯(cuò)誤項(xiàng)、未提及項(xiàng)、和干擾項(xiàng)四個(gè)方面 為考生們一一解析，希望能夠幫助考生在做題中更清晰地明白考點(diǎn)，辨別干擾項(xiàng)，從而選出正確答案。

　　正確項(xiàng)

　　正確項(xiàng)即正確答案，對(duì)于正確項(xiàng)的定義是，在文中有定位點(diǎn)，并且替換正確，這跟判斷題中的TRUE/YES很像。但是和判斷題有區(qū)別的是，選擇題 的定位句往往不止一句，許多時(shí)候需要結(jié)合好幾句話理解。值得注意的是，考生不能主觀臆斷答案，感覺對(duì)了就選了，一定要找到準(zhǔn)確的定位點(diǎn)。

　　1. 選項(xiàng)是原文一兩句話的改寫

　　例：劍6 Test 3 Passage 1 第11題

　　題目：In Tarkovsky’s opinion, the attractionof the cinema is that it

　　A. aims to impress its audience

　　B. tellsstories better than books

　　C. illustratesthe passing of time

　　D. describesfamiliar events

　　分析：這道題的一個(gè)難點(diǎn)在于定位，根據(jù)人名定位詞Tarkovsky縮小范圍為C段和D段，根據(jù)定位詞“the attraction of the cinema”確定到D段對(duì)應(yīng)定位詞“the key to that magic”。找到定位句：

　　“ForTarkovsky, the key to that magic was the way in which cinema created a dynamicimage of the real flow of events. A still picture could only imply theexistence of time, while time in a novel passed at the whim of the reader. Butin cinema, the real, objective flow of time was captured.”

　　根據(jù)這兩句話我們可以看到，電影的魅力主要在于能夠真正捕捉時(shí)間客觀真實(shí)的流動(dòng)，和C選項(xiàng)替換改寫過后意思一致。

　　2. 選項(xiàng)是原文某段的歸納總結(jié)

　　歸納總結(jié)是指原文句子較長較多，選項(xiàng)對(duì)于原文進(jìn)行上下文的歸納。在劍10, 劍11真題中，選擇題陷阱減少，但是歸納總結(jié)增多，長難句很多，主要考察考生對(duì)于長難句的理解。所以考生要在平時(shí)的閱讀訓(xùn)練中，提高自己長難句的理解能 力，學(xué)會(huì)抓住句子主干，快速把握句子的意思。

　　例：劍10 Test 2 Passage 3 第32題

　　題目：The writer mentions London’s NationalGallery to illustrate

　　A. theundesirable cost to a nation of maintaining a huge collection of art.

　　B. theconflict that may arise in society between financial and artistic values.

　　C. thenegative effect a museum can have on visitors’ opinions of themselves.

　　D. the need toput individual well-being above large-scaleartistic schemes.

　　原文第六段中間部分：In addition, amajor collection like that of London’s National Gallery is housed in numerousrooms, each with dozens of works, any one of which is likely to be worth morethan all the average visitor possesses. In a society that judges the personalstatus of the individual so much by their material worth, it is thereforedifficult not to be impressed by one’s own relative ‘worthlessness’ in such anenvironment.

　　分析：這道題定位不難，難點(diǎn)在于原文句子比較晦澀，從句又多，導(dǎo)致比較難理解。考生在閱讀時(shí)，可以把原句的修飾詞、插入語等都去掉，只留下句子最主干的部分。

　　我們可以把第一句話簡(jiǎn)化成這樣：“a major collection of London’s National Gallery is worth more than all the average visitor possesses”, 即倫敦國家美術(shù)館的收藏品的價(jià)值要比參觀者所有的財(cái)產(chǎn)加起來還要多。

　　第二句話可以簡(jiǎn)化成：“In a societythat judges the status of the individual by their material worth, they areimpressed by one’s own ‘worthlessness’ in such an environment.” 意思就是在一個(gè)憑借物質(zhì)價(jià)值來評(píng)判個(gè)人地位的社會(huì)，游客很容易在這樣的環(huán)境中感覺到自己沒有價(jià)值。

　　最終把兩句話的意思概括起來，對(duì)應(yīng)C選項(xiàng)“博物館會(huì)對(duì)游客如何看待自己產(chǎn)生消極影響”。

　　錯(cuò)誤項(xiàng)

　　錯(cuò)誤項(xiàng)是指在原文中有定位點(diǎn)，但是意思跟原文完全矛盾的項(xiàng)，類似于判斷題的FALSE,考生還是比較容易辨別的，考生可以利用錯(cuò)誤項(xiàng)，用排除法做題。

　　例：劍7 Test 4 Passage 3 第29題

　　題目：Researchers discovered that high noiselevel are not likely to interfere with the

　　A. successfulperformance of a single task.

　　B. tasks ofpilots or air traffic controllers.

　　C. ability torepeat numbers while tracking moving lines.

　　D. ability tomonitor three dials at once.

　　原文：But there are limits to adaptation andloud noise becomes more troublesome if the person is required to concentrate onmore than one task. For example, high noise levels interfered with theperformance of subjects who were required to monitor three dials at a time, atask not unlike that of an airplane pilot or an air-traffic controller.Similarly, noise did not affect a subject’s ability to track a moving line witha steering wheel, but it did interfere with the subject’s ability to repeatnumbers while tracking.

　　分析：題干問的是噪音不會(huì)影響的事情，我們找到定位句，發(fā)現(xiàn)原文這樣的句子，“For example, high noise levels interfered with the performance ofsubjects who were required to monitor three dials at a time，a task notunlike that of an airplane pilot or an air-traffic controller”, 即噪音會(huì)影響同時(shí)操作三個(gè)方向盤的人，會(huì)影響類似飛行員和航空中心那樣的任務(wù)，對(duì)應(yīng)B和D選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容，由此可以把B和D選項(xiàng)排除。繼續(xù)往下看到原 文，“Similarly, noise did not affect a subject’s ability to track a moving line with asteering wheel, but it did interfere with the subject’s ability to repeat numbers whiletracking.” 可以看出噪音會(huì)影響人邊駕駛邊數(shù)數(shù)的能力，對(duì)應(yīng)C選項(xiàng)排除。其他所有選項(xiàng)都已排除，最終只剩下A選項(xiàng)。

　　未提及項(xiàng)

　　未提及項(xiàng)相當(dāng)于判斷題中的NOT GIVEN, 分為完全未提及項(xiàng)和部分提及項(xiàng)。

　　1. 完全未提及項(xiàng)

　　完全未提及項(xiàng)即該選項(xiàng)在原文中完全沒有對(duì)應(yīng)的定位點(diǎn)，在原文中找不到依據(jù)。這種情況是比較好判別的，考生可以直接排除。

　　2. 部分提及項(xiàng)

　　部分提及項(xiàng)是指選項(xiàng)中的關(guān)鍵詞在原文中有對(duì)應(yīng)定位點(diǎn)，但是不存在選項(xiàng)給出的關(guān)系，不能推理出選項(xiàng)的意思。由于做題時(shí)間緊迫，考生往往會(huì)沒有仔細(xì)看整個(gè)選項(xiàng)的意思，沒有把選項(xiàng)和原文仔細(xì)比對(duì)，只根據(jù)選項(xiàng)中的部分關(guān)鍵詞，就直接選了，導(dǎo)致錯(cuò)選。

　　例：劍9 Test2 Passage3 第29題

　　題目：According to the writer, the brain works effectively because

　　A. it uses the eyes quickly.

　　B. it interprets data logically.

　　C. it generates its own energy.

　　D. it relies on previous events.

　　原文：Thus it will draw on both past experience and any other source ofinformation…to make sense of what it is seeing. This happens all the time. Thebrain takes shortcuts that works so well we are hardly ever aware of them.

　　分析：除了正確答案，這道題每個(gè)選項(xiàng)都有陷阱，每個(gè)選項(xiàng)都有考生會(huì)選。首先根據(jù)題干定位到原文的第3段，看到第二句，“It (the brain) has a fixedenergy budget, about the same as a 40 watt light bulb, so it has evolved to workas efficiently as possible.” 有的同學(xué)看到關(guān)鍵詞energy, 再看到workefficiently, 沒有仔細(xì)思考句子的意思，直接就選了C。其實(shí)原文這句話的意思是，因?yàn)榇竽X能量有限，所以它變得工作得非常高效，跟C選項(xiàng)的“大腦會(huì)自己生產(chǎn)能量”是矛盾 的，所以C是錯(cuò)誤項(xiàng)。

　　接著往下讀，看到第四句，“For example, when confronted withinformation streaming from the eyes, the brain will interpret this informationin the quickest way possible.” 這里出現(xiàn)了關(guān)鍵詞eyes, interpret,和quickly, 與A和B呼應(yīng)，但是原文的意思是，大腦面對(duì)在眼前出現(xiàn)的信息時(shí)會(huì)最快速地解讀信息，既不是A選項(xiàng)的“用眼很快”，也不是B選項(xiàng)的“有邏輯的解讀信息”，因 此A和B都是部分提及項(xiàng)。

　　最后看到這樣的句子，“Thus it will draw on both past experienceand any other source of information…to make sense of what it is seeing….Thebrain takes shortcuts that works so well we are hardly ever aware of them.” 由此我們可以看出，大腦是通過提取過去的經(jīng)驗(yàn)來解讀目前的信息，并且運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的很好，“relies on previous events”和“draw on both past experience”替換，“works so well”和“works effectively”替換，因此確定答案為D。

　　干擾項(xiàng)

　　干擾項(xiàng)即考官故意設(shè)置的選項(xiàng)陷阱，是考生最容易錯(cuò)選的，可以分為以下幾類：

　　1. 答非所問項(xiàng)

　　答非所問即某個(gè)選項(xiàng)和原文中的意思一致，不矛盾，但是跟題干中的問題沒有關(guān)系，并不是問題的答案?？忌鶗?huì)被原文的句子迷惑，沒有看清楚問題問的是什么就直接選了，導(dǎo)致答非所問。

　　例：劍5 Test 1 Passage 3 第36題

　　題目：The writer suggests that newspapers print items that are intended to

　　A. educatereaders

　　B. meet theirreaders’ expectations.

　　C. encouragefeedback from readers.

　　D. misleadreaders.

　　原文：Newspapers and broadcasters are there toprovide what the public wants. That, however, can lead to significant distortionsof perception.

　　分析：這兩句話的意思是“報(bào)紙和廣播提供公眾想要的信息。但是這會(huì)導(dǎo)致觀念的嚴(yán)重扭曲。”考生讀到這里會(huì)自然而然想選D, 覺得報(bào)紙?jiān)谡`導(dǎo)觀眾。殊不知題目問的是“intend to”, 即報(bào)紙的目的是什么，而D選項(xiàng)給出的是導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果，典型的答非所問。真正的答案是B選項(xiàng)。

　　2. 主觀臆斷項(xiàng)

　　主觀臆斷項(xiàng)的意思是，考生在讀完原文定位句后，僅憑自己印象直接選出了答案，覺得原文意思好像就是那樣，犯了主觀臆斷的毛病，其實(shí)并沒有和原文 仔細(xì)比對(duì)，原文也沒有選項(xiàng)中對(duì)應(yīng)的替換詞。做選擇題時(shí)尤其要注意這一點(diǎn)，當(dāng)你在兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)之間徘徊猶豫不決時(shí)，一定要注意是否和原文有對(duì)應(yīng)的替換詞。

　　例：劍6 Test 4 Passage 3 第33題

　　題目：The writer thinks that the declaration“There is no bullying at this school”

　　A. is nolonger true in many schools

　　B. was not infact made by many schools

　　C. reflectedthe school’s lack of concern

　　D. reflected alack of knowledge and resources

　　原文C段：Until recently, not much was known about the topic, and little help wasavailable to teachers to deal with bullying. Perhaps as a consequence, schoolswould often deny the problem. “There is no bullying at this school” has been acommon refrain, almost certainly untrue.

　　分析：很多考生看完這幾句話，理解到學(xué)校對(duì)于欺凌現(xiàn)象的不了解導(dǎo)致常常會(huì)否認(rèn)這個(gè)問題的存在，并且宣稱“在學(xué)校里沒有欺凌現(xiàn)象”，主觀臆斷這反 映了學(xué)校不關(guān)心這個(gè)問題，就想選C。但是其實(shí)這幾句話完全沒有體現(xiàn)到學(xué)校是否缺乏關(guān)心的問題，原文中沒有l(wèi)ack ofconcern的對(duì)應(yīng)的替換詞。其實(shí)仔細(xì)閱讀就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，原文中“not much was known about the topic”和D選項(xiàng)的lack of knowledge替換，原文的“little help was available”和D選項(xiàng)a lack of resources改寫，因此得出答案是D。

　　3. 迷惑項(xiàng)

　　迷惑項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)是跟原文長得特別像，看上去幾乎沒有詞的變化，但其實(shí)是跟原文意思不一樣的，往往進(jìn)行了概念的偷換?？忌跁r(shí)間緊急或者是讀不懂的情況下很容易被迷惑而錯(cuò)選。需要謹(jǐn)記的是，跟原文長得像的選項(xiàng)往往是錯(cuò)誤項(xiàng)，而跟原文長得不像的選項(xiàng)往往是正確的。

　　例：劍7 Test 4 Passage 3 第28題

　　題目：In noise experiments, Glass and Singerfound that

　　A. problem-solvingis much easier under quiet conditions.

　　B. physiologicalarousal prevents the ability to work.

　　C. bursts ofnoise do not seriously disrupt problem-solving in the long term.

　　D. thephysiological arousal of control subjects declined quickly.

　　原文：

　　The noise wasquite disruptive at first, but after about four minutes the subjects were doingjust as well on their tasks as control subjects who were not exposed to noise.Their physiological arousal also declined quickly to the same levels as thoseof the control subjects.

　　分析：根據(jù)這段話我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)出現(xiàn)了兩組人進(jìn)行比較，一組是“subjects”, 即有噪音干擾的實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象，而另一組是“control subjects”, 指的是沒有受到噪音干擾的對(duì)照組。很多考生可能會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)第二句話和D選項(xiàng)特別像，沒有仔細(xì)思考，直接就選了D。但是若仔細(xì)閱讀，就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)D選項(xiàng)的主語是 controlsubjects, 即對(duì)照組，而原文的主語是“their”, 聯(lián)系上下文就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)指的是subjects, 即接受實(shí)驗(yàn)的人。兩者主語完全不同，D選項(xiàng)就是迷惑考生的選項(xiàng)。而若是考生仔細(xì)閱讀，就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)原文意思是噪音一開始很干擾人，但四分鐘以后實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象就和對(duì) 照組表現(xiàn)的一樣好了，由此可見長期來講噪音不會(huì)干擾問題解決，最終得出答案選B。

　　以上就是筆者對(duì)雅思閱讀選擇題選項(xiàng)類型的全面解析，希望考生在做選擇題時(shí)不要再想當(dāng)然，只憑著感覺做題，而是可以把每個(gè)選項(xiàng)對(duì)號(hào)入座，觀察是錯(cuò)誤項(xiàng)、干擾項(xiàng)、還是未提及項(xiàng)。在做題中仔細(xì)思考，有理有據(jù)，方能提高正確率!