雅思閱讀高分必備形容詞性從句

定語(yǔ)從句(Attributive Clauses)在句中作定語(yǔ)，其作用是修飾主句的某個(gè)名詞性成分，相當(dāng)于形容詞，所以又稱為形容詞性從句。通常定語(yǔ)從句皆置于它所修飾的名詞或代詞之后，被修飾的名詞或代詞叫做先行詞(antecedent)，而引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞稱為關(guān)聯(lián)詞。

關(guān)聯(lián)詞常有3個(gè)作用：連接作用，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句;代替先行詞;在定語(yǔ)從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分。關(guān)聯(lián)詞為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中可以用作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等;關(guān)系副詞在定語(yǔ)從句中只用作狀語(yǔ)。如：

★ One factor which may help ensure that some endangered languages do not die out completely is people's increasing appreciation of their cultural identity.(which may help ensure that some endangered languages do not die out completely是關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，用以修飾which的先行詞factor, which在從句中用作主語(yǔ))

★ And even in regions where new projects seem warranted, we must find ways to meet demands with fewer resources, respecting ecological criteria and to a smaller budget.(where new projects seem warranted是關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，用以修飾where的先行詞regions, where在從句中用作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ))

定語(yǔ)從句一般緊跟在其先行詞之后。如：

★ Food production has kept pace with soaring populations mainly because of the expansion of artificial irrigation systems that make possible the growth of 40% of the world's food.(關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句緊跟其先行詞artificial irrigation systems之后)

有時(shí)也可以與先行詞分離。如：

★ A new teacher will come tomorrow, who will teach you Chinese.(關(guān)系代詞who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句與其先行詞teacher分離)

用作關(guān)聯(lián)詞的關(guān)系代詞有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等，但在此提醒考生們絕對(duì)沒有“what”。who, whom, whose指人，who是主格，在定語(yǔ)從句中用作主語(yǔ)(在非正式英語(yǔ)中也可以用作賓語(yǔ)，并且用作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省去不用);whom是賓格，在定語(yǔ)從句中用作賓語(yǔ)(也可以省去不用);whose是屬格，在定語(yǔ)從句中用作定語(yǔ)(有時(shí)也可以指物)。如：

★ The American zoologist Donald Griffin, who was largely responsible for the discovery of sonar in bats, coined the term ‘echolocation' to cover both sonar and radar, whether used by animals or by human instruments.(主格關(guān)系代詞who在從句中作主語(yǔ))

★ The man who he talked about is a professor.(在非正式英語(yǔ)中who代替了whom,也可以省去不用)

★ He doesn't like the girl whom you refer to.(賓格關(guān)系代詞whom在從句中用作賓語(yǔ)，也可以省去不用)

★ The children whose parents give priority to work may feel lonely and alienated.(屬格關(guān)系代詞whose在定語(yǔ)從句中用作定語(yǔ)，指人)

★ The car whose wheels have been stolen was bought yesterday.(屬格關(guān)系代詞whose在定語(yǔ)從句中用作定語(yǔ)，指物，即car，可以用of which代替，但后者較為正式)

That在定語(yǔ)從句中既可以用作主語(yǔ)，也可以用作賓語(yǔ)(在非正式文體中可省去);既可以指人，也可以指物。如：

★ These methods include strength training that duplicate what they are doing in their running events as well as plyometrics, a technique pioneered in the former Soviet Union.(關(guān)系代詞that在定語(yǔ)從句中用作主語(yǔ)，指物)

★ Put another way, basic heath-care is now recognized as a ‘public good', rather than a ‘private good' that one is expected to buy for oneself.(關(guān)系代詞that在定語(yǔ)從句中用作賓語(yǔ)，指物)

★ The students that hold a foreign degree seem to be more confident and independent.(關(guān)系代詞that在定語(yǔ)從句中用作主語(yǔ)，指人)

which在定語(yǔ)從句中既可以用作主語(yǔ)，也可以用作賓語(yǔ);一般皆指物(在非正式文體中可省去)。如：

★ Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggests that what vision they have stereoscopic forward and upward.(關(guān)系代詞which在定語(yǔ)從句中用作主語(yǔ))

★ Those surveyed had experienced chronic illnesses, for which orthodox medicine had been able to provide little relief.(關(guān)系代詞which在定語(yǔ)從句中用作賓語(yǔ)，可以省去)

which在從句中也可以被用作定語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)。如：

★ His money had been stolen, which news annoyed him.(關(guān)系代詞which在定語(yǔ)從句中用作定語(yǔ))

★ They were completely mistrusted, which in fact, they were.(關(guān)系代詞which在定語(yǔ)從句中用作表語(yǔ))

關(guān)系代詞在從句中用作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，介詞可以位于從句之首，也可以位于從句之末。但以位于從句之首較為正式。如：

★ This has been encouraged through programs of language classes fro children and through ‘apprentice' scheme, in which the endangered language is used as the medium of instruction to teach people a traditional skill.(關(guān)系代詞which在定語(yǔ)從句中用作介詞in的賓語(yǔ)，介詞位于定語(yǔ)從句之首，即which之前)

★ This has been encouraged through programs of language classes fro children and through ‘apprentice' scheme, which the endangered language is used as the medium of instruction to teach people a traditional skill in.(介詞in位于定語(yǔ)從句之首，which在此可以省去)

像during, except或者表示分割作用的of等介詞通常放在關(guān)系代詞的前面。如：

★ The years during which he was away were long years to her.

★ He wrote many books, some of which you will read some day.

關(guān)系代詞who和that用作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，介詞須置于句末。如：

★ The writer you referred to was an unknown writer.(關(guān)系代詞who用作介詞to的賓語(yǔ)，介詞to須位于定語(yǔ)從句之末，who在口語(yǔ)中可以省去)

★ This is the problem that he has been complaining about.(關(guān)系代詞that用作介詞about的賓語(yǔ)，介詞about須位于定語(yǔ)從句之末)

有時(shí)定語(yǔ)從句中還有其他成分，介詞則位于定語(yǔ)從句之中。如：

This is the engineer who he cooperated with in the project.

先行詞指人時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞既可以用who, 也可以用that。但關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中用作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，多用主格who。如：

★ Beyond the practical need to make order out of chaos, the rise of the dictionaries is associated with the rise of the English middle class, who were anxious to define and circumscribe the various world to conquer.(persons, those, people等先行詞多用關(guān)系代詞who)

★ It is Tom who should be punished.(在強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)中，指人時(shí)多用who)

★ The American zoologist Donald Griffin, who was largely responsible for the discovery of sonar in bats, coined the term ‘echolocation' to cover both sonar and radar, whether used by animals or by human instruments.

在下列情況中多用that, 而不用who或者which。如：

★ much (很多)

little (很少)

none (沒有任何)

everything (任何事情) +先行詞 +that

everybody (任何人)

nothing (沒有任何)

nobody (沒有人)

E.g. There is nothing in the world that can frighten him.

★ 先行詞前面有最高級(jí)形容詞修飾時(shí)

He is the most boring speaker that I have ever heard.

This is the most interesting book that I have ever read.

★ 先行詞有以下代詞或者有下列代詞修飾時(shí)

the first

the last

the only

the same +先行詞 +that

the very

all

any

no

every

E.g. This is the last chance that you have.

This is the very thing that I lost yesterday.

This is the first thing that he wants to do.

You are the only friend that we have.

He is the last person that Tom wants to see.

He has told the police all that he knew.

★ 前面已經(jīng)有疑問詞who或者which時(shí)

E.g. Who that knows him will trust him?

Which of these trains is the one that goes to Nanjing?

Which is the bike that you have lost?

★ 兼指人和物/事物時(shí)

E.g. The man and the horse that fell into the river were drowned.

Look at the girl and her dog that are crossing the bridge.

在下列情況中則多用which。如：

★ 離先行詞較遠(yuǎn)時(shí)

He told me the story of the craftsman which I narrated at the beginning of this book.

★ those + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 之后

You should buy one of those clothes which sell best.

★ which比較正式，非正式英語(yǔ)中也可以用that

Some water experts are now demanding that existing infrastructure be used in smarter ways rather than building new facilities, which is increasingly considered the option of last, not first, resort.

★ 描述性定語(yǔ)從句一般用which

Beijing, which was China's capital foe more than 800 years, is rich in cultural and historic relics.

as, than, but也可以用作關(guān)系代詞。如：

★ The project was completed on time, as was expected before.(關(guān)系代詞as在定語(yǔ)從句中用作主語(yǔ)，其先行詞是前面的整個(gè)句子)

★ They have never met such things as he met.(關(guān)系代詞as與指示代詞連用，在定語(yǔ)從句中用作賓語(yǔ)，其先行詞是such things)

★ Tourism, holidaymaking and travel are these days more significant social phenomena than most commentators have considered.(關(guān)系代詞than在定語(yǔ)從句中用作賓語(yǔ)，其先行詞是social phenomena)

★ There are very few but admire his talents.(關(guān)系代詞but在從句中用作主語(yǔ)，其先行詞是few, but= who don't)

用作關(guān)聯(lián)詞的關(guān)系副詞有where, when, why等，when在定語(yǔ)從句中用作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，其先行詞是表時(shí)間的名詞。如：

★ Just at the time when it became obvious that health-care resources could not possibly meet the demands being made upon them, people were demanding that their fundamental right to health-care be satisfied by the state.(關(guān)系副詞when的先行詞是the time)

since, before, after, as也可以用作表時(shí)間的關(guān)系副詞。如：

★ At exactly the same time as this new realization of the finite character of health-care resources was sinking in, an awareness of a contrary kind was developing in western societies.(as用作關(guān)系副詞)

★ Every day since she came has been most enjoyable.(since用作關(guān)系副詞)

★ On the day before the war broke out he was born.(before用作關(guān)系副詞)

★ The year after she left school she spent abroad.(after用作關(guān)系副詞)

where在定語(yǔ)從句中用作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，其先行詞是表地點(diǎn)的名詞。如：

★ I know the place where we can have a talk.

★ The zoo is an ideal research centre where scientists can experiment on animals to find out the causes of some disease and develop effective cures.

where的先行詞可以是有地點(diǎn)含義的抽象名詞。如：

★ He has reached a point where a change is needed.(where的先行詞point是抽象名詞)

why在定語(yǔ)從句中用作原因狀語(yǔ)，其先行詞只有reason。如：

★ That is the reason why he set up his own business.(why的先行詞是reason)

★ The company refused to disclose the reason why he left.(why的先行詞是reason)

有時(shí)候why可以省去。如：

★ The reason he came here is obvious.(reason后面省去why)

有時(shí)候why可以用that替代。如：

★ The reason that he failed was lack of patience.(why由that替代)

關(guān)系副詞 = 介詞 + which(關(guān)系代詞)

where = in/at which; when = in/at which; why = for which

定語(yǔ)從句分為限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。考生注意，限制性定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞關(guān)系密切，對(duì)它有限制性作用，因此不可缺少，如果省去，會(huì)使主句的意思不完整、不明確。限制性定語(yǔ)從句前面一般不用逗號(hào)。如：

★ The man who was driving the car was drunk.

★ The speech which was made by the Minister made his supporters delighted.

★ The police told us that he was the only person that was suspected.

★ This is the place where the three roads meet.

★ I shall never forget the day when she was born.

★ The reason why he was late was unknown.

★ The house whose windows are broken is Mr. A's.

非限制性定語(yǔ)從句也稱為描述性定語(yǔ)從句。非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只與先行詞有一種松散的修飾關(guān)系，在口語(yǔ)中用停頓的方法表示，在書面語(yǔ)中用逗號(hào)分開。因此從句中的關(guān)系代詞不能省略。that一般不引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。如：

★ Water, which is a clear liquid, is the giver and taker of life.

★ They gave up the plan, which was a very good one.