2015年6月大學(xué)英語四級(jí)考試語法指導(dǎo)(02)

　　名詞性從句中的虛擬語氣

　　第一節(jié)：賓語從句(Subordinate Clasue)中的虛擬語氣

　　一、在動(dòng)詞wish后的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣

　　在動(dòng)詞wish后的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣，常省去賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞that。

　　一)、對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬(與現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)相反)：

　　從句用過去式或過去進(jìn)行式(時(shí)間上是同時(shí)的)。其句子結(jié)構(gòu)為：賓語從句的謂語be和were(was)，實(shí)義動(dòng)詞用過去式。例：

　　1. I wish (that可省略,下同)I knew the answer to the question.(wish, 動(dòng)詞過去式knew)我希望知道這個(gè)答案。(事實(shí)上是不知道)

　　2. I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.(wish, were)但愿我的家鄉(xiāng)四季如春。(事實(shí)上不可能)

　　3. I wish I were a bird.(wish, were)但愿我是只小鳥。(事實(shí)上不可能)

　　4. When she was at the party,she wished she were at home.(wished,過去虛擬動(dòng)詞were)(事實(shí)上并不在家)

　　5. Now that he is in China, he wishes he understood Chinese.(wishes,過去虛擬動(dòng)詞understood)

　　現(xiàn)在他在中國，他希望能懂得中文。(事實(shí)上并不懂)

　　6. When we begin the trip, they will wish they were with us.(will wish,過去虛擬動(dòng)詞were)(事實(shí)上并不和我們?cè)谝黄?

　　二)、對(duì)過去情況的虛擬(和過去的事實(shí)相反)：

　　用wish表示對(duì)過去事情的遺憾。其句子結(jié)構(gòu)為：賓語從句的謂語用過去完成時(shí)，或would, could, might+現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例：

　　1. I wish (that可省略，下同)I hadn't wasted so much time.

　　我后悔不該浪費(fèi)這么多時(shí)間。(事實(shí)上已浪費(fèi)了)

　　2. He wishes he hadn't lost the chance.

　　他真希望沒有失去機(jī)會(huì)。(其實(shí)已失去)

　　3. We wished he had spoken to us.

　　(wished，had + spoken)(事實(shí)上他并沒同我們講)

　　4. I wish you had called earlier.

　　(wish, had + called)(事實(shí)上已遲了)

　　5. They will wish they had listened to us sooner.

　　(will wish,had + listened)(事實(shí)上并不如此)

　　例題分析：I wish I ______ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.

　　A. could have slept B. sleptC. might have slept D. have slept

　　動(dòng)詞wish后面接從句，表達(dá)不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)或與事實(shí)相反的情況時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語氣，即用過去式(表示現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作)或過去完成式(表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作)。本題后半句謂語動(dòng)詞have用的是過去時(shí)had

　　to get up and come, 所以前面要用過去完成時(shí)表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。所以, 選項(xiàng)A)could have slept是答案

　　三)、對(duì)將來情況的虛擬(表示將來的主觀愿望)：

　　從句動(dòng)詞"would/should/could/might + 動(dòng)詞原形"(時(shí)間上較后)(請(qǐng)注意：主句和從句的主語不相同)。用wish表示對(duì)將來事情的愿望。例：

　　1. I wish it would stop raining.(虛擬動(dòng)詞would+動(dòng)詞原形stop)

　　我希望雨能停止。(事實(shí)上雨還在下著呢)

　　2. I wish you would be quiet.(would + be)

　　我希望你安靜一些。(事實(shí)上那家伙還在吵著呢)

　　3. You wished she would arrive the next day.(would + arrive)

　　你希望她第二天會(huì)到。(事實(shí)上她還沒到)

　　4. I wish she would change her mind.(would + change)

　　我希望她會(huì)改變主意。(呵呵，女孩子可沒那么容易就改變主意喔)

　　5. He will wish we would join him the following week.(would + join)

　　(只是希望我們和他在一起，實(shí)際上還沒在一起)

　　四)、注意：

　　1.如果將wish改為過去式wished, 其后that 從句中的動(dòng)詞形式不變。例如：

　　I wished I hadn't spent so much money.

　　我要是那時(shí)沒有花掉那么多錢就好了。

　　2. 如果that 從句中用would , 一般表示對(duì)現(xiàn)狀不滿或希望未來有所改變或請(qǐng)求

　　I wish he would answer my letter.

　　I wish prices would come down.