卡耐基演講·長(zhǎng)時(shí)間演講的安排

理智的人絕不會(huì)沒(méi)有計(jì)劃就開(kāi)始建造房屋，那為什么他在對(duì)自己的目的是什么都還沒(méi)有概念的情況下，卻妄想開(kāi)口演講呢？NO SANE MAN would start to build a house without some sort of plan; but why will he begin to deliver a talk without the vaguest notion of what he wishes to accomplish?

講演是有目的的旅程，必須事先繪好行程的圖表。一個(gè)人隨便從某處開(kāi)始，通常也就終止于某處了。A talk is a voyage with a purpose, and it must be charted. The man who starts nowhere, generally gets there.

我想把拿破侖的一句話(huà)，漆成鮮紅的一尺高的大字，懸掛在地球上所有演講課的課堂門(mén)口：“戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)是門(mén)科學(xué)，未經(jīng)計(jì)劃、思考，休想成功?！盜 wish that I could paint this saying of Napoleon's in flaming letters of red a foot high over every doorway on the globe where students of effective speaking foregather: "The art of war is a science in which nothing succeeds which has not been calculated and thought out."

這個(gè)道理同樣適用于講演。講演人是不是明白這點(diǎn)——或者明白，但有沒(méi)有付諸行動(dòng)呢？這就不敢肯定了。許多講演的計(jì)劃與安排，花費(fèi)的時(shí)間不會(huì)比烹煮一碗愛(ài)爾蘭燉菜多。That is Just as true of speaking as of shooting.But do speakers realize it-or, if they do, do they always act on it? They do not. Many a talk has just a trifle more plan and arrangement than a bow I of Irish stew.

如何安排是最好、最有效的方式？在沒(méi)有研究以前，誰(shuí)也不能肯定。它永遠(yuǎn)是個(gè)新問(wèn)題，是每個(gè)講演人應(yīng)該一再詢(xún)問(wèn)自己的問(wèn)題。我們無(wú)法對(duì)此提出絕對(duì)可靠的規(guī)則，不過(guò)仍然可以指出，進(jìn)行較長(zhǎng)的演講有三個(gè)方面很重要：引起注意、正文和結(jié)論。這三個(gè)階段，都各有歷久彌新的方法可供參考。What is the best and most effective arrangement for a given set of ideas? No one can say until he has studied them. It is always a new problem, an eternal question that every speaker must ask and answer himself again and again. No infallible rules can be given; but we can, at any rate, indicate the three major phases of the longer talk to get action: the attention step, the body, and conclusion. For each, there are some timetested methods of developing each phase.