卡耐基演講·二、遵循時(shí)間、空間和事物的邏輯順序

所有的題材，幾乎都可利用時(shí)間順序、空間順序或者事物的邏輯順序進(jìn)行演講。比如時(shí)間順序，可以按照過(guò)去、現(xiàn)在、未來(lái)這樣的安排來(lái)處理材料，也可以從某一天開(kāi)始進(jìn)行倒敘。講演的過(guò)程，都是從粗糙的原材料開(kāi)始，然后經(jīng)過(guò)各種各樣的制造階段，最后完成產(chǎn)品。至于其中納入多少細(xì)節(jié)，當(dāng)然就看能有多少時(shí)間來(lái)確定。Almost all subjects can be developed by using a logical sequence based on time, space, or special topics. In the time sequence, for instance, you might consider your subject under the three categories of past, present, and future, or you might begin at a certain date and move backward or forward from that date. All process talks, for example, should begin at the raw-material stage and move through the various manufacturing steps that produce the finished product. How much detail you bring in will, of course, be governed by the time you have.

在空間的順序上，可以以某個(gè)點(diǎn)作為立足點(diǎn)，然后由此往外拓展；或者按照方位來(lái)處理，例如北方、南方、東方和西方。如果你要描述華盛頓城，你可以領(lǐng)著聽(tīng)眾從國(guó)會(huì)山的頂端，按照各方向敘述有趣味的各個(gè)地方。如果說(shuō)明一部噴氣式引擎或一部汽車(chē)，最好把它分解成各部分的組成零件再來(lái)談?wù)摗n the space sequence, you arrange your ideas according to some central point and go outward from there or you cover the material directionally, north, south, east, and west. If you were to describe the city of Washington, D. C., you might take your listeners to the top of the capitol building and indicate the points of interest in each direction. If you are describing a jet engine or an automobile, for example, you might best discuss it by breaking it down into its component parts.

而有些題材本身具有自己的邏輯順序。例如，美國(guó)政府的結(jié)構(gòu)有其原有的組織形態(tài)，如果你按它的立法、行政、司法三部門(mén)來(lái)討論，效果必然清晰。Some subjects have a built-in sequence. If you set out to explain the structure of the United States Government, you will do well to follow this inherent organizational pattern and discuss it according to the legislative, executive, and judicial branches.