大學(xué)英語(yǔ)六級(jí)翻譯技法:(四)詞類轉(zhuǎn)譯法

(四)詞類轉(zhuǎn)譯法

翻譯既要忠實(shí)于原文,又要符合譯文的表達(dá)習(xí)慣,而不能逐詞硬譯。有些時(shí)候需要適當(dāng)改變一些詞的詞類,使譯文通順流暢,符合英語(yǔ)特點(diǎn)。

I.漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換成英語(yǔ)的名詞

一般來(lái)講,英語(yǔ)傾向于多用名詞,常常用名詞來(lái)表達(dá)原來(lái)屬于動(dòng)詞(或形容詞)所表達(dá)的概念,如用抽象名詞來(lái)表達(dá)動(dòng)作、行為、變化、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、情感等概念。這種名詞的優(yōu)勢(shì)在于往往可以使表達(dá)比較簡(jiǎn)潔,句式比較靈活,行文比較自然,也便于表達(dá)較為復(fù)雜和正式的思想內(nèi)容。而漢語(yǔ)傾向于多用動(dòng)詞,因而翻譯時(shí)常常需要把動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞。

1.漢語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成英語(yǔ)中由動(dòng)詞派生的名詞

1)他們違反在赫爾辛基達(dá)成的協(xié)議,在國(guó)內(nèi)侵犯基本人權(quán),因此受到了各地?zé)釔?ài)自由的人們的譴責(zé)。

The abuse of basic human rights in their own country in violation of the agreement reached at Helsinki earned them the condemnation of freedom-loving people everywhere.

2)醫(yī)生迅速到達(dá),并非常仔細(xì)地檢查了病人,因此病人很快就康復(fù)了。

The doctor's extremely quick arrival and uncommonly careful examination of the patient brought about his very quick recovery.

3)過(guò)了幾個(gè)晚上,在一次聚會(huì)上,她走過(guò)來(lái)央求我給她引見(jiàn)一位魅力十足的男性。

Several evenings later,she came up to me at a party,pressing for an introduction to a very impressive man.

4)聽(tīng)到我們的消息時(shí),德博拉沒(méi)有祝賀我們,反倒叫蓋爾想清楚自己做的對(duì)不對(duì)。

Instead of congratulations upon hearing our news,Deborah counseled Gail to be really sure she was doing the right thing.

2.漢語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成含有動(dòng)作意味的英語(yǔ)名詞

1)看見(jiàn)那棵大樹(shù),總是讓我想起童年。

The sight of the big tree always brings my childhood back to my mind.

2)它時(shí)時(shí)使我們更充分地感覺(jué)到強(qiáng)烈的活力,這當(dāng)然會(huì)大大增強(qiáng)我們生活的激奮和歡樂(lè)。

It offers us a fuller sense of being intensely alive from moment to moment,and this,of course,contributes greatly to the excitement and joy of living.

3)偉大的生活源于一個(gè)人在想象中幻想自己有朝一日能做出什么事業(yè)或者成為什么人物。

Great living starts with a picture,held in some person's imagination,of what he would like someday to do or be.

4)人們對(duì)帶薪休假的重視和大眾娛樂(lè)服務(wù)的快速發(fā)展標(biāo)志著人們對(duì)這一問(wèn)題的日益關(guān)注。

The importance people attach to paid holidays and the rapid development of services for mass entertainment and recreation are signs of this increasing concern.

3.漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成英語(yǔ)加后綴-er或-or 的名詞

1)他能吃能睡。

He is a good eater and a good sleeper.

2)他既不抽煙,也不喝酒。

He was a nonsmoker and a teetotaler.

3)成功的語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)者善于猜測(cè),能夠?qū)ふ揖€索,形成自己的結(jié)論。

Successful language learners are good guessers who look for clues and form their own conclusions.

4)她很健談,但既然她似乎愿意談?wù)撐业氖?我還是做好準(zhǔn)備,洗耳恭聽(tīng)。

She was talkative,but since she seemed inclined to talk about me I was prepared to be an attentive listener.

II.漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成英語(yǔ)介詞

介詞是英語(yǔ)里最活躍的詞類之一,是連接詞語(yǔ)或從句的重要手段。據(jù)G·Curme 統(tǒng)計(jì),英語(yǔ)各類介詞共約286個(gè)。英語(yǔ)造句幾乎離不開(kāi)介詞。而漢語(yǔ)中介詞的使用則少得多,翻譯時(shí)很多漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以轉(zhuǎn)譯成表示相應(yīng)意義的英語(yǔ)介詞或介詞詞組。

1)我很高興地離城去出差了。

Pleased,I left town for a business trip.

2)說(shuō)完這些話,她便走開(kāi)了。

With these words,she went away.

3)他們立即出動(dòng),追擊敵人。

They immediately set out in pursuit of the enemy.

4)新一代領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人贊成市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì),摒棄了一切關(guān)于經(jīng)濟(jì)帝國(guó)主義的說(shuō)法。

The new leadership has abandoned all talk of economic imperialism in favor of market economy.

5)另外,德國(guó)和捷克共和國(guó)還簽署了協(xié)議來(lái)保護(hù)易北河,使其不受進(jìn)一步的污染。

In addition,Germany and the Czech Republic have signed a treaty to protect the Elbe River from further contamination.

III.漢語(yǔ)的名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成英語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞

英語(yǔ)中有很多由名詞派生或由名詞轉(zhuǎn)用的動(dòng)詞,在漢語(yǔ)中有些名詞往往可以轉(zhuǎn)譯為英語(yǔ)的這類動(dòng)詞。

1)駱駝的特點(diǎn)是能夠幾天不喝水。

The camel is characterized by an ability to go for days without water.

2)隨著比賽的進(jìn)行,他成了他們勝利的象征,成了一切美德的化身。

As the match progressed,he would symbolize their victories and become the embodiment of all merits.

3)這家商店的特色是24小時(shí)服務(wù)。

This store features round-the-clock service.

4)但是從理論上講,物質(zhì)在黑洞里的作用情況與在黑洞外的作用情況肯定是完全不同的。

But in theory,matter must behave very differently inside the hole.

IV.形容詞與副詞的互相轉(zhuǎn)換

1)中朝兩國(guó)人民一直保持著傳統(tǒng)的友好關(guān)系。

Traditionally,there have always been good relations between Chinese and Korean people.

2)“光明!給我光明!”這就是發(fā)自我內(nèi)心深處的無(wú)言的呼喚,也就在這時(shí)候,愛(ài)心的光芒照到了我身上。

“Light! Give me light!”was the wordless cry of my soul,and the light of love shined on me that very hour.