英語四級閱讀，作為大學(xué)英語能力的重要評估指標(biāo)，不僅檢驗(yàn)了學(xué)生對詞匯、語法的掌握，更考察了其閱讀理解和信息篩選的能力。在全球化背景下，提升這一能力對于拓寬視野、增進(jìn)跨文化交流至關(guān)重要。今天，小編將分享2024年6月大學(xué)英語四級閱讀真題以及答案（卷二）相關(guān)內(nèi)容，希望能為大家提供幫助！
Section A
Directions:In this section,there is a passage with ten blanks.You are required to select one wordfor each blank from a list ofchoices given in a word bankfollowing the passage.Read the passage through carefully before making your choices.Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter.Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.You may not use any ofthe words in the bank more than once.
A team of researchers led by Priyanka Joshi examined the degree to which men and women relied on“communicative abstraction”to verbally convey their ideas and emotions.Communicative abstraction, according to the researchers,reflects the tendency of people to use“abstract speech that focuses on the broader picture and 26 purpose of action rather than concrete speech focusing on details and the means of 27 action.”Interestingly,they found that men were far more likely to speak in the abstract than were women.
To arrive at this 28 ,the researchers examined the linguistic(語言的)patterns of men and women in over 600,000 blog posts written on websites.To do this,the researchers computed abstractness ratings for 29 40,000 commonly used words in the English language.Words considered to be concrete could be easily visualized,such as “table”or“chair”.Words that were more 30 to visualize,for example, “justice”or“morality”were considered to be more abstract.They found that men used 31 more abstract language in their blog posts.
What is the 32 of this effect?The researchers suggest that power differences between the genders—that is,men having more power in society—might be a key determinant(決定因素).For instance,in a follow-up study conducted with a sample of 300 students,the researchers 33 power dynamics in an interpersonal setting to see if this would influence communicative abstraction.They found that participants in a high-power interviewer role were more likely to give abstract descriptions of behaviors than were participants in a low-power interviewee role.This suggests that communicating more abstractly does not reflect a 34 tendency of men or women but rather 35 within specific contexts.
A)approximately
B)attaining
C)conclusion
D)difficult
E)emerges
F)fixed
G)ignored
H)legally
I)manipulated
J)recommended
K)refraining
L)signals
M)significantly
N)source
O)ultimate
Section B
Directions: In this section,you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it.Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs.Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived.You may choose a paragraph more than once.Each paragraph is marked with a letter.Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.
How to better work towards long-term goals
A)Hal Hershfield,a psychologist at the UCLA Anderson School of Management,wanted to know why people weren't saving for retirement.Across the board,people are living longer.Logically,they'll need more money to live comfortably in their post-work years.And yet,savings rates in the U.S.have gone down in recent decades,not up.
B)To help explain this seemingly irrational behavior,Hershfield and his team scanned the brains of study participants while asking them to what degree various traits(特征)—like “honorable”or “funny”—applied to their current self,their future self,a current other,or a future other.As participants answered,Hershfield's team recorded which parts of their brains lit up.Unsurprisingly,people's brains were most active when thinking about their current selves and least active when thinking about a current other.But the team found that participants'brain activity while considering their future selves more closely resembled their brain activity while thinking about a current other rather than the current self.
C)Put in practical terms,when thinking of yourself in a month or a year or a decade,your brain registers that person in ways similar to how it would registerTaylor Swift or the mailman.Understood in that way,saving for retirement is the equivalentof giving money away to someone elseentirely.
D)In light of Hershfield's study,one simple question arises:Is it possible to make our present selves give a damn about our future selves?The answers are anything but simple.
E)Seen through the lens ofthe present self versus the future self,our self-defeating actions—like choosing to watch television rather than go to the gym—suddenly make perfect sense.We get to enjoy the very concrete, immediate benefits of our actions while someone else (namely,our future selves)suffers the hypothetical (假設(shè)的),far-off consequences.As a result,the decisions we make for our present selves often look very different from our decisions for our future selves.We believe that tomorrow.will be different.We believe that we will be different tomorrow;but in doing so,we prioritize our current mood over the consequences of our inaction for the future self.
F)Understanding our procrastination(拖延)through the lens of the present and future selves,we're left with three possible solutions:The first is to force your future selfto do whatever your present self doesn't want to do.The second is to convinceyour presentself that your future self is,in fact,still you.Ifthe central problem is that we think of our future selves as other people,it follows that trying to identify more closely with our future selves will encourage us to make better long-term decisions.
G)In a follow-up study,Hershfield wanted to explore ways to bridge the disconnect between the present and future selves and encourage people to save more for retirement.He and his team took photos of study participants,and then used image processing to visually age their faces.Participants were then placed in a virtual reality setting where they could look into a mirror and see their aged selves looking back at them. Participants who saw their aged selves said they would save 30%more oftheir salary for retirement than the control group.
H)Whatever your long-term goals may be—getting in better shape,launching your own business,writing a book—thinking about your deadline in terms of days rather than months or years can help you wrap your mind around how close the future really is.
I)The third solution is to forget about your future self and use your present self's love of instant gratifcation (滿足感)to your advantage.While the two tactics(手段)above can be effective in making better long-term choices,in the end,you're still struggling against human nature.Our brains are hard- wired for instant gratification.Instead of fighting your present self's need for immediate rewards,why not use it to your advantage?When most of us set goals,we focus on long-term results we want to see—e.g.,losing weight,getting a promotion,retiring in comfort,etc.While those visions of our future selves can be inspiring,when it comes to actually doing the day-to-day work,it may be more effective to reframe activities in terms of their immediate,or at least very near-term,rewards.
J)Take writing this article,for instance.It's easy for me to imagine how amazing it will feel at the end of the workday to have this article done.This isn't just my opinion.Research partners Kaitlin Woolley of Cornell University and Ayelet Fishbach ofthe University ofChicago have made a career out ofstudying the differences between the goals that people achieve and the ones that fall to the wayside.
K)“In onestudy,we asked people online about the goals they set at the beginning of the year.Most people set goals to achieve delayed,long-term benefits,such as career advancement,debt repayment,or improved health.We asked these individuals how enjoyable it was to pursue their goal,as well as how important their goal was.We also asked whether they were still working on their goals two months after setting them.We found that enjoyment predicted people's goal persistence two months after setting the goal far more than how important they rated their goal to be,”Woolley said.
L)This pattern held true across a wide variety of goals from exercising to studying to eating healthier foods.For example,people ate 50%more ofa healthy food when directed to focus on the good taste rather than the long-term health benefits.Other studies have shown a greater uptake of exercise in people who were told to think ofthe enjoyment of doing the exercise now rather than future health gains.
M)These findings suggest that when it comes to achieving your goals,enjoying the process itself is more important than wanting the long-term benefits.In other words,present self trumps(戰(zhàn)勝)future self.Who says instant gratification has to be a bad thing?By all means,set ambitiouslong-term goals for your future self,but when it comes to actually following through day-to-day,make sure your present self knows what's in it for her too.
36.Our brains are genetically determined to satisfy immediate desires.
37.Taken in a practical way,saving for post-work years is like givingmoney away to others.
38.Research found that,as regards achievement of one's goals,it is important to focus more on enjoying the process than the long-termbenefits
39.Regarding our future selves as still being ourselves will help us make better long-term decisions.
40.Savings rates in America have dropped in recent decades even though people's life expectancy has increased.
41.Researchers found that enjoyment rather than importance enabledpeople to persist in their goals.
42.When making decisions,we give priority to our current frame of mind without thinking much of the consequences.
43.People ate more of a healthy food when they focused on its good taste instead ofits long-term benefits.
44.As was expected,when people thought of their present selves,their brains were observed to become more active.
45.Researchers found that participants who saw the images oftheir aged selves would save more for their later years than those whodidn't.
Section C
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section.Each passage isfollowed bysome questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A),B),C)and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the correspondingletter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.
People often wonder why some entrepreneurs have greater success than others.Is it habits,connections,luck,work ethic or any other behavior?I believe the key to success is willpower.Willpower is the ability to control yourself.It is a strong determination that allows you to do something difficult.It is a behavior we are bornwith more than onewe learn;however,it is possible to not only learn it,but also strengthen it with constant exercise.
Willpower isjust like a muscle;to keep it strong you need to constantly exercise it.People with a great amount of willpower have the discipline to develop positive,successful habits.Even with an incredible amount of talent,without the discipline and motivation to create positive habits,it can be difficult to achieve success.
Willpower and habits go hand in hand.It is critical to create good habits and take the actions necessary to stick to those habits day in and day out for greater success.Almost half of our daily actions are part of our habits and not decisions,so once the correct habits are in place,you will automatically perform those tasks on a day-to- day basis.
The best way to create and stick to a habit is to have strong motivation.It's easier to change your habits to lose weight if you have a health issue and you want to be around longer for your kids,or if your business is something you're passionate about.Having a valuable outcome associated with a habit will help you stick to that habit permanently.
The art of self-control is one that most successful individuals have mastered.Self-control enables you to avoid behaviors that don't contribute to your success and adopt those that do. Because there is a delayed satisfaction associated with self-control,it can be easy to get off track.However if you work on sticking to those small positive habits one day at a time,it becomes easier to stay strong and achieve that delayed reward.Once a reward is achieved,it is much easier to continue sticking to your habits.
46.What does the author say we need to do to strengthen our willpower?
A)Keep it under control.
B)Apply it continuously.
C)Learn from entrepreneurs.
D)Aim at success determinedly.
47.How are almost half of ourdaily actions performed according to the passage?
A)Out of habit.
B)With determination.
C)Like muscle building.
D)By self-discipline
48.What will help people stick to doing something constructive automatically?
A)Practising it on a day-to-day basis.
B)Associating it with improving health.
C)Possessing a reasonable amount of talent.
D)Foreseeing the desired outcome it will yield.
49.How does the art of self-control help us succeed?
A)By allowing us to remain clear-headed permanently.
B)By enabling us to alter our behaviors constantly.
C)By enabling us to takepositive actions.
D)By allowing us toavoid taking risks.
50.Why can it be difficult for us to maintain self-control?
A)Most of us are not in the habit of exercising self-control.
B)We may not get immediate rewards from self-control.
C)Self-control tends to be associated with pains.
D)Self-control only brings about small benefits.
Passage Two
Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.
Today,most scientific research is funded by government grants,companies doing research and development,and non-profit foundations.As a society,we reap the rewards from this science,but we also help pay for it.You indirectly support science through taxes you pay,products and services you purchase,and donations you make.
Funding for science has changed with the times.Historically,science has been largely supported through private patronage(資助),church sponsorship,or simply paying for the research yourself.Today,researchers are likely to be funded by a mix of grants from various government agencies,institutions,and foundations.Other research is funded by private companies.Such corporate sponsorship is widespread in some fields.Almost 75% of U.S.clinical trials in medicine are paid for by private companies.And,ofcourse,some researchers today still fund small-scale studies out oftheir own pockets.Most of us can't afford to do nuclear research as a private hobby,but birdwatchers,rock collectors,and others can do real research on a limited budget.
In a perfect world,money wouldn't matter—all scientific studies would be completely objective.But in the real world,funding may introduce biases.Drug research sponsored by the pharmaceutical(制藥的)industry is more likely to end up favoring the drug under consideration than studies sponsored by government grants or charitable organizations.Similarly,nutrition research sponsored by the food industry is more likely to end up favoring the food under consideration than independently funded research.
So what should we make of all this?Should we ignore any research funded by companies or special interest groups?Certainly not.These groups provide invaluable funding for scientific research.Furthermore,science has many safeguards in place to catch instances of bias that affect research outcomes.Ultimately,misleading results will be corrected as science proceeds;however,this process takes time.Meanwhile,it pays to examine studies funded by industry or special interest groups with extra care.Are the results consistent with other independently funded studies?What do other scientists have to say about this research?A little examination can go a long way towards identifying bias associated with the funding source.
51.What does the passage mainly discuss regarding scientific research?
A)Its foundation.
B)Its rewards.
C)Its prospect.
D)Itsfunding.
52.What do we learn from the passage about researchers like birdwatchers and rock collectors?
A)They have little access to government funding.
B)They can do research with limited resources.
C)They can do amateur work in their own fields.
D)They have no means for large-scale research.
53.What would scientific studies look like in a perfect world according to the author?
A)They would be totally unbiased.
B)They would be independently funded.
C)They would be responsibly conducted.
D)They would be strictly supervised.
54.What does the author say about companies and special interest groups?
A)They try hard to pull down the safeguards for research.
B)They make extra efforts to research their own products.
C)They provide valuable resources for scientific research.
D)They reap the most benefits from scientific research.
55.What does the author think of research funded by industry or special interest groups?
A)Its recommendations should be examined for feasibility.
B)Its misleading results should be corrected in time.
C)Its validity should be checked with additional care.
D)Its hidden biases should be identified independently.
26. O) ultimate(adj.最終的, 最后的)
語義判斷 本段提出“交際抽象”這一術(shù)語，空格句具體介紹抽象語言的特點(diǎn)，即更關(guān)注大局和最終目標(biāo)，而非細(xì)節(jié)和手段。ultimate purpose意為“最終目標(biāo)”, 故ultimate符合語境。
27. B) attaining(v.獲得; 實(shí)現(xiàn); 達(dá)到)
語義判斷 該句意為“研究人員認(rèn)為，交際抽象反映了人們更愿意使用‘專注于更大格局和行動最終目標(biāo)的抽象語言，而非專注于細(xì)節(jié)和_____行動的手段的具象語言”的傾向，代入選項(xiàng)可知，attaining符合語境。
28. C) conclusion(n.結(jié)論, 推論)
語義判斷 上文闡述了研究結(jié)論，即男性比女性更喜歡用抽象的語言表達(dá)。本段介紹如何通過研究調(diào)查得出這一結(jié)論, 因此conclusion符合語境。
29. A) approximately(adv.大約, 大概)
語義判斷 該句意為“為此， 研究人員計(jì)算了_____4萬個英語常用單詞的抽象性等級”， 故approximately符合語境。
30. D) difficult(adj.困難的, 費(fèi)力的)
語義判斷 上一句提到“桌子”“椅子”等具體的詞比較容易想象，而本句則說“正義”“道德”等抽象的詞則難以想象, 故difficult符合語境。
31. M) significantly(adv.顯著地; 明顯地)
語義判斷 該句意為“他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，男性在博客文章中_____使用了更多的抽象語言”，代入選項(xiàng)可知，significantly符合語境。
32. N) source(n.根源, 原因)
語義判斷 前文提到與女性相比，男性明顯使用更多抽象語言。空格句后面的內(nèi)容表明，本段在追溯這種研究結(jié)果的原因。故source符合語境。
33. I) manipulated (v.操縱, 控制)
語義判斷 前一句指出，兩性之間的權(quán)力差異可能是導(dǎo)致男性使用更多抽象語言的一個關(guān)鍵的決定因素?？崭袼诰渥油ㄟ^一個實(shí)驗(yàn)來驗(yàn)證這一結(jié)論：在一項(xiàng)針對300名學(xué)生進(jìn)行的后續(xù)研究中，研究人員在人際場景中操縱權(quán)力動態(tài)，來看這樣做是否會影響交際抽象。故manipulated符合語境。
34. F) fixed(adj.固定的v.修理)
語義判斷 前文提到權(quán)力的差異會對交際抽象產(chǎn)生影響，即交際抽象并不在性別上體現(xiàn)一個固定趨勢，而是在特定的環(huán)境下產(chǎn)生。fixed tendency意為“固定趨勢”, 故fixed符合語境。
35. E) emerges(v.出現(xiàn), 顯現(xiàn))
語義判斷 由前面的分析可知，交際抽象并不在性別上體現(xiàn)一個固定趨勢，在一些特定場景下，如權(quán)力發(fā)生變化時，交際抽象也會出現(xiàn)， 故emerges符合語境。
36.題干譯文 基因決定了我們的大腦要滿足即時的欲望。
答案解析 I。由題干關(guān)鍵信息Our brains和immediate desires定位到I段。該段第三句提到: 我們的大腦天生就喜歡即時滿足感，即基因決定了我們的大腦要滿足即時的欲望。題干是對該句的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，其中Our brains屬于原詞重現(xiàn), genetically 對應(yīng)原文中的hard-wired, immediate desires對應(yīng)原文中的instant gratification。
37.題干譯文 從實(shí)際來看，為退休后的生活存錢就像把錢送給別人一樣。
答案解析 C。由題干關(guān)鍵信息in a practical way、saving for post-work years和giving money away to others定位到C段。該段首句提到，從實(shí)際來說，當(dāng)你想到一個月、一年或十年后的自己時，你的大腦對那個人的印象就像對泰勒·斯威夫特或?qū)︵]遞員的印象一樣。緊接著第二句提到，按照這種方式理解，為退休儲蓄相當(dāng)于把錢完全送給別人。題干是對該句內(nèi)容的同義轉(zhuǎn)述。其中Taken in a practical way對應(yīng)原文中的Putin practical terms, 而saving for post-work years對應(yīng)原文中的saving for retirement, 而giving money away to others對應(yīng)原文中的giving money away to someone else entirely。
38.題干譯文 研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，就個人目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)而言，更重要的是享受過程本身，而非著眼于長期的利益。
答案解析 M。由題干關(guān)鍵信息focus more on enjoying the process than the long-term benefits定位到M段。該段首句提到，這些發(fā)現(xiàn)表明，在實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)這件事上，享受過程本身比追求長期利益更為重要。換句話說，就個人目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)而言，更重要的是享受過程本身，而非著眼于長期的利益。題干是對該句內(nèi)容的概括總結(jié)。題干中的Research found that對應(yīng)原文中的These findings suggest that,而as regards achievement ofone's goals對應(yīng)原文中的when it comes to achieving your goals, 而it is important to focus more on enjoying the process than the long-term benefits對應(yīng)原文中的enjoying the process itself is more important than wanting the long-term benefits。
39.題干譯文 把未來的自己視作仍然是自己，將幫助我們做出更好的長期決策。
答案解析 F。由題干關(guān)鍵信息Regarding our future selves as still being ourselves和make better long-termdecisions定位到F段。該段提到拖延癥的三種可能的解決方案，其中第二種解決方案是讓現(xiàn)在的自己相信，未來的自己實(shí)際上還是你，如果核心問題是我們把未來的自己當(dāng)成了其他人，那么，試圖更加認(rèn)同未來的自己將鼓勵我們做出更好的長期決策。換言之，把未來的自己視作仍然是自己，將幫助我們做出更好的長期決策。題干是對該段最后兩句的概括總結(jié),其中Regarding our future selves as still being ourselves對應(yīng)原文中的convince your present self that your future self is, in fact, still you, 而will help us make better long-termdecisions對應(yīng)原文中的will encourage us to make better long-term decisions。
40.題干譯文 盡管人們的預(yù)期壽命有所延長，但近幾十年來美國的儲蓄率卻有所下降。
答案解析 A。由題干關(guān)鍵信息Savings rates in America、dropped in recent decades和people's life expectancy定位到A段。該段第二句提到，整體來說，人們的壽命在延長，從邏輯上講，他們將需要更多的錢才能在退休后的日子里舒適地生活。緊接著第三句提到，然而，近幾十年來美國的儲蓄率卻不升反降。題干是對原文內(nèi)容的同義轉(zhuǎn)述, 其中Savings rates in America對應(yīng)原文中的savings rates in the U. S., 而have dropped inrecent decades對應(yīng)原文中的have gone down in recent decades, 而people's life expectancy has increased對應(yīng)原文中的people are living longer。
41.題干譯文 研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，相比目標(biāo)的重要性，享受過程更能促使人們堅(jiān)持追求目標(biāo)。
答案解析 K。由題干關(guān)鍵信息Researchers found that、enjoyment ra ther than importance和persist in their goals定位到K段。該段主要介紹的是一項(xiàng)關(guān)于人們設(shè)定和堅(jiān)持目標(biāo)的研究。最后一句提到：我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，與他們對目標(biāo)重要性的評價相比，過程的享受更能預(yù)測目標(biāo)設(shè)定兩個月后人們的堅(jiān)持情況，即相比目標(biāo)的重要性，享受過程更能促使人們堅(jiān)持追求目標(biāo)。題干是對原文內(nèi)容的同義轉(zhuǎn)述。題干中的Researchers found that對應(yīng)原文中的We found that, 而enjoyment屬于原詞重現(xiàn), importance對應(yīng)原文中的how important, 而enabledpeople to persist in their goals對應(yīng)原文中的predicted people's goal persistence。
42.題干譯文 在做決定時，我們優(yōu)先考慮當(dāng)前的心境，而不太考慮后果。
答案解析 E。由題干關(guān)鍵信息making decisions、give priority to、current frame of mind和the consequences定位到E段。該段第三句提到，我們?yōu)楝F(xiàn)在的自己所做的決定往往與我們?yōu)槲磥淼淖约核龅臎Q定大相徑庭。最后一句轉(zhuǎn)折提到，但在這樣做(即做決定)的過程中，我們優(yōu)先考慮的是我們當(dāng)前的情緒，而不是我們的不作為會給未來的自己帶來的后果。題干是對該句內(nèi)容的同義轉(zhuǎn)述。其中When making decisions對應(yīng)原文中的in doing so,而we give priority to our current frame of mind without thinking much of the consequences對應(yīng)原文中的 we prioritize our current mood over the consequences of our inaction for the future self。
43.題干譯文 當(dāng)人們專注于健康食品的美味而非其長期的益處時，他們吃得更多。
答案解析 L。由題干關(guān)鍵信息People ate more of a healthy food、focused on its good taste和its long-term benefits 定位到L段。該段第二句提到，當(dāng)人們被引導(dǎo)專注于食物的美味而非長期的健康益處時，他們攝入的健康食品量會增加50%，即當(dāng)人們專注于健康食品的美味而非其長期的益處時，他們吃得更多。題干是對原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述。題干中的People at e more of a health y food對應(yīng)原文中的people ate 50%more of a healthy food,而when they focused on its good taste instead of its long-term benefits對應(yīng)原文中的 when directed to focus on thegood taste rather than the long-term health benefits。
44.題干譯文 正如預(yù)期的那樣，當(dāng)人們想到當(dāng)前的自己時，(研究人員)觀察到他們的大腦變得更加活躍。
答案解析 B。由題干關(guān)鍵信息when people thought of their present selves、their brains和more active定位到B段。該段第三句提到，不出所料，人們在思考當(dāng)前的自己時大腦最活躍，而在思考當(dāng)前的他人時大腦最不活躍。題干是對原文此處內(nèi)容的同義轉(zhuǎn)述。題干中的As was expected對應(yīng)原文中的Unsurprisingly,而whenpeople thought of their present selves對應(yīng)原文中的when thinking about their current selves, 而their brains were observed to become more active對應(yīng)原文中的people's brains were most active。
45.題干譯文 研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，與沒有看到自己年老時的形象的參與者相比，看到自己年老時的形象的參與者會為晚年存更多的錢。
答案解析 G。由題干關(guān)鍵信息participants who saw the images of their aged selves和save more for their lateryears定位到G段。該段最后一句提到，看到年老時的自己的參與者表示，他們會比對照組為退休多存30%的工資。題干是對原文內(nèi)容的概括總結(jié)。題干中的participants who saw the images of their aged selves對應(yīng)原文中的Participants who saw their aged selves, 而would save more for their later years than those who didn't對應(yīng)原文中的would save 30% more of their salary for retirement than the control group。
46.作者說我們需要做些什么來增強(qiáng)我們的意志力?
A)讓它處于控制之下。
B)持續(xù)地運(yùn)用它。
C)向企業(yè)家學(xué)習(xí)。
D)堅(jiān)定地以成功為目標(biāo)。
解析：在文章第一段中，作者指出成功的關(guān)鍵是意志力，并介紹了什么是意志力。但是關(guān)于如何增強(qiáng)意志力作者并沒有提及。接著往下讀，第二段第一句提到，意志力就像肌肉一樣，要想保持強(qiáng)大的意志力，必須不斷 地加以鍛煉。也就是說，人們要靠不斷地運(yùn)用意志力，來使其變得更強(qiáng)大，故本題選B。其他三項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容都不符合原文，均排除。
47.根據(jù)文章，我們幾乎一半的日常行為是怎樣做出的?
A)出于習(xí)慣做出的。
B)下定決心做出的。
C)像肌肉鍛煉一樣做出的。
D)通過自律做出的。
解析：第三段第三句指出，我們的日常行為當(dāng)中幾乎有一半是源于我們的習(xí)慣，也就是說我們幾乎一半的日常行為是出于習(xí)慣做出的，故本題選A。其他三項(xiàng)均與原文不符，都排除。
48.什么將會幫助人們自然而然地堅(jiān)持做一些有助益的事情?
A)每天進(jìn)行練習(xí)。
B)將其與改善健康聯(lián)系起來。
C)具備一定的天賦。
D)預(yù)見它將產(chǎn)生的理想結(jié)果。
解析：第四段最后一句指出，將一個習(xí)慣和有益的結(jié)果關(guān)聯(lián)起來，會有助于你長久地堅(jiān)持這個習(xí)慣。換句話說，預(yù)想一個習(xí)慣能帶來的理想結(jié)果，可以幫助我們堅(jiān)持做有助益的事，故本題選D。選項(xiàng)中的the desiredoutcome與原文中的a valuable outcome屬于同義替換。其他三個選項(xiàng)雖然都有原文詞匯，但是答非所問，均排除。尤其是B項(xiàng)，文章中的一個例子只是提到了改善健康，但不是所有的習(xí)慣都與健康有關(guān)，這屬于以偏概全。
49.自制力這門藝術(shù)是如何幫助我們成功的?
A)通過讓我們永遠(yuǎn)保持頭腦清醒。
B)通過使我們能夠不斷地改變我們的行為。
C)通過使我們能夠采取積極的行動。
D)通過讓我們避免冒險(xiǎn)。
解析：倒數(shù)第二段第二句指出，自制力能讓你避免做出那些無助于你成功的行為，而讓你采取那些有助于你成功的行為。也就是說，自制力可以讓我們采取積極的行動，從而幫助我們成功，故本題選C。原文中的adoptthose that do屬于省略,答對這道題需要正確理解這句話,這句話還原之后應(yīng)該是adopt those behaviors that contibute to your sucess(采取有助于你成功的行為),這與選項(xiàng)中的take positive actions是同義替換。其余三個選項(xiàng)原文未提及，均排除。
50. 為什么我們很難保持自制力?
A)我們大多數(shù)人都沒有養(yǎng)成鍛煉自制力的習(xí)慣。
B)我們可能無法從自制力中獲得立竿見影的回報(bào)。
C)自制力往往與痛苦有關(guān)。
D)自制力只能帶來微小的益處。
解析：最后一句段第一句指出，因?yàn)樽灾屏淼臐M足感常常是延遲的，所以很容易偏離軌道。這里的“偏離軌道”就是指無法保持自制力，人們是因?yàn)樽灾屏Σ荒軒砹⒏鸵娪暗幕貓?bào)，所以無法保持自制力，故本題選B。其余三個選項(xiàng)原文都沒有提及，故排除。
51.關(guān)于科學(xué)研究，這篇文章主要討論了什么?
A)它的基礎(chǔ)。
B)它的回報(bào)。
C)它的前景。
D)它的資金。
解析：第一段第一句指出，如今，大多數(shù)科學(xué)研究都是由政府撥款、研發(fā)公司以及非營利性基金會資助的。再通讀下文可知，整篇文章圍繞科學(xué)研究的資金以及由此可能產(chǎn)生的偏見問題展開論述，故選項(xiàng)D正確。其他三個選項(xiàng)都不是文章主要討論的內(nèi)容，故排除。
52.關(guān)于鳥類觀察者和巖石收集者等研究人員，從這篇文章中我們能了解到什么?
A)他們幾乎無法獲得政府資助。
B)他們可以利用有限的資源進(jìn)行研究。
C)他們可以在自己的領(lǐng)域從事業(yè)余工作。
D) 他們沒有辦法進(jìn)行大規(guī)模的研究。
解析：第二段最后一句指出，鳥類觀察者、巖石收藏者和其他人可以在有限的預(yù)算下進(jìn)行真正的研究。這與選項(xiàng)B表達(dá)的意思一致，選項(xiàng)中的do research with limited resources與原文中的do real rescarchon a limited budgct屬于同義替換，有限的資源指的就是有限的預(yù)算或資金，故選項(xiàng)B正確。選項(xiàng)A和C原文沒有提及，可以排除。選項(xiàng)D屬于混淆概念，原文說，一些研究人員仍然自掏腰包來資助一些小規(guī)模的研究，鳥類觀察者和巖石收藏者可以在有限的預(yù)算下進(jìn)行真正的研究，并沒有說，鳥類觀察者和巖石收藏者無法進(jìn)行大規(guī)模的研究，故排除。
53.根據(jù)作者的說法，在完美的世界里，科學(xué)研究會是什么樣子的
A)它們將是完全公正的。
B)它們將獲得獨(dú)立資助
C)人們將負(fù)責(zé)任地進(jìn)行科學(xué)研究。
D) 它們將受到嚴(yán)格監(jiān)督。
解析：第三段第一句指出，在一個完美的世界里，金錢并不會成為問題——所有的科學(xué)研究都是完全客觀的。換句話說，在完美的世界里，科學(xué)研究是完全公正的，故選項(xiàng)A正確。其他三個選項(xiàng)原文都沒有提及，均可以排除。
54.關(guān)于公司和特殊利益團(tuán)體，作者說了什么?
A)它們竭力破壞研究的保障措施
B)它們付出額外的努力來研究自己的產(chǎn)品。
C)它們?yōu)榭茖W(xué)研究提供了寶貴的資源
D)它們從科學(xué)研究中獲益最多。
解析：最后一段第二句提問：我們應(yīng)該忽視任何由公司或特殊利益團(tuán)體資助的研究嗎?第三、四句給出回答：當(dāng)然不是。這些團(tuán)體為科學(xué)研究提供了極為寶貴的資金。由此可知，公司和特殊利益團(tuán)體為科學(xué)研究提供了寶貴的資金，資金也就是資源，故選項(xiàng)C正確。其余三個選項(xiàng)原文都沒有提及，均可以排除。
55.作者如何看待由行業(yè)或特殊利益團(tuán)體資助的研究?
A)應(yīng)審查其建議的可行性。
B)應(yīng)及時糾正其誤導(dǎo)性的結(jié)果。
C)應(yīng)格外謹(jǐn)慎地審查其有效性。
D)應(yīng)獨(dú)立地識別其隱藏的偏見。
解析：在最后一段作者指出，我們不能忽視由公司或特殊利益團(tuán)體資助的研究，因?yàn)樗鼈優(yōu)榭茖W(xué)研究提供了極為寶貴的資金。倒數(shù)第四句指出可以采取的措施，要特別謹(jǐn)慎地審查由行業(yè)或特殊利益團(tuán)體資助的研究，這是值得的。由此可知，選項(xiàng)C正確。選項(xiàng)A和D原文都沒有提及，可以排除。選項(xiàng)B與原文不符，原文雖然提到了隨著科學(xué)的進(jìn)步，誤導(dǎo)性的結(jié)果最終將會被糾正，但是這是行業(yè)的客觀現(xiàn)實(shí)，而非作者對于由行業(yè)或特殊利益團(tuán)體資助的研究的看法，故排除。
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