英語(yǔ)四級(jí)基礎(chǔ)閱讀訓(xùn)練 Text 14

Text 14

Personality is to a large extent inherent — A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.

One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt "the win at all costs" moral standard and measure their success by achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: "Rejoice, we conquer!"

By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.

Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A-youngsters change into B's. The world needs all types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child's personality to his possible future employment. It is top management.

If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A-type stock. B's are important and should be encouraged.

1.According to the passage, A-type individuals are usually_______.

A.impatient　B.considerate　C.aggressive　D.agreeable

2.The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because_______.

A.the pressure is too great on the students　B.some students are bound to fail

C.failure rates are too high　　　　　　　D.the results of examinations are doubtful

3.The selection of medical professionals is currently based on_______.

A.candidates' sensitivity　　　B.competitive spirit

C.academic achievements　　D.surer values

4.From the passage we can draw the conclusion that_______.

A.the personality of a child is well established at birth

B.family influence dominates the shaping of one's characteristics

C.the development of one's personality is due to multiple factors

D.B-type characteristics can find no place in competitive society

5.The best title for this article is "_______".

A.Personality Acquisition　　　B.Effects of Environment

C.Competition in School　　　D.Cooperation of Inherence and Environment

長(zhǎng)難例句分析

［長(zhǎng)難例句］The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows.

［結(jié)構(gòu)分析］本句中，主干是The current passion... produces a two-layer system。主句中，for與后面的現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成介賓短語(yǔ)，作定語(yǔ)；in which引導(dǎo)的是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，其中還有一個(gè)比較級(jí)better than。

［參考譯文］目前熱衷于讓孩子們與同學(xué)或與時(shí)間競(jìng)爭(zhēng)產(chǎn)生了一種雙層機(jī)制，在這種體制中，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)型的A型性格的孩子在某種程度上似乎比B型性格的學(xué)生表現(xiàn)要好。

全文參考譯文

性格在很大程度上是與生俱來(lái)的。A型性格的父母通常會(huì)有A型性格的后代，但是環(huán)境也必定有深遠(yuǎn)的影響，因?yàn)槿绻?jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)父母來(lái)說(shuō)很重要，那么競(jìng)爭(zhēng)很可能成為孩子成長(zhǎng)中的一個(gè)重要因素。

孩子形成A型性格的一個(gè)地方是學(xué)校，學(xué)校就其本質(zhì)而言是一個(gè)存在高度競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的機(jī)構(gòu)。有太多學(xué)校采納“不惜一切取得成功”作為道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，并用成績(jī)衡量孩子的成敗。目前熱衷于讓孩子們與同學(xué)或與時(shí)間競(jìng)爭(zhēng)產(chǎn)生了一種雙層機(jī)制，在這種體制中，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)型的A型性格的孩子在某種程度上似乎比B型性格的學(xué)生表現(xiàn)要好。太想獲勝可能導(dǎo)致危險(xiǎn)的結(jié)局：記得第一個(gè)跑馬拉松的人費(fèi)迪皮迪茲，說(shuō)完“歡呼吧，我們勝利啦！”之后幾秒便倒地而亡。

到目前為止，學(xué)校里最嚴(yán)重的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)形式就是不恰當(dāng)?shù)貜?qiáng)調(diào)考試。讓學(xué)生集中精力做他們能做好的事，這類(lèi)學(xué)校已很少見(jiàn)了。用考試來(lái)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)有點(diǎn)令人質(zhì)疑，但明知會(huì)失敗卻還要競(jìng)爭(zhēng)則是肯定有害的。

顯然，把所有A型性格的孩子變成B型性格的孩子既不現(xiàn)實(shí)，也不合理。世界需要各種性格的人，學(xué)校的一個(gè)重要職責(zé)就是使孩子的性格適合未來(lái)可能從事的職業(yè)。這是最佳管理模式。

如果學(xué)校對(duì)課業(yè)的重視減少一些，或許有更多的時(shí)間教孩子們一些更有價(jià)值的東西，也許對(duì)護(hù)理行業(yè)，特別是對(duì)醫(yī)學(xué)人員的選擇較少看重化學(xué)成績(jī)，更多考慮其敏感性及同情心會(huì)更合理一些。只從A型性格的人中挑選醫(yī)生肯定是個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。B型性格的人同樣重要，應(yīng)當(dāng)受到鼓勵(lì)。

題目答案與解析

1.根據(jù)本文，A型性格的人通常是_________。

A.沒(méi)有耐心的　B.考慮周到的　C.有進(jìn)取心的/好爭(zhēng)斗的　D.使人愉快的

【答案】C

【解析】從第二段第一句“孩子形成A型性格的一個(gè)地方是學(xué)校，學(xué)校就其本質(zhì)而言是一個(gè)存在高度競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的機(jī)構(gòu)”可知，C項(xiàng)為正確答案。

2.作者對(duì)學(xué)?？荚嚨淖龇◤?qiáng)烈反對(duì)的原因是_________。

A.對(duì)學(xué)生壓力太大　　　B.一些學(xué)生必定會(huì)失敗（不及格）

C.不及格率太高　　　　D.考試結(jié)果令人懷疑

【答案】B

【解析】本題問(wèn)作者強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)學(xué)?？荚嚨淖龇ǖ脑颉⒖吹谌蔚谌洹坝每荚噥?lái)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)有點(diǎn)令人質(zhì)疑，但明知會(huì)失敗卻還要競(jìng)爭(zhēng)是肯定有害的”，即作者認(rèn)為學(xué)校的考試是一種競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，有人會(huì)成功，有人會(huì)失敗。這和B項(xiàng)一致。A項(xiàng)和C項(xiàng)在文中未提及。D項(xiàng)與第三段第三句“用考試來(lái)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)有點(diǎn)令人質(zhì)疑”不一致。

3.目前醫(yī)學(xué)界人員的選擇是根據(jù)_________。

A.候選人的敏感性　B.競(jìng)爭(zhēng)精神　C.學(xué)業(yè)成就　D.更高的價(jià)值

【答案】C

【解析】從最后一段第二句“也許對(duì)護(hù)理職業(yè)， 特別是對(duì)醫(yī)學(xué)界人員的選擇較少側(cè)重于化學(xué)成績(jī)，更多考慮其敏感性及同情心會(huì)更好一些”可知，C項(xiàng)為正確答案。

4.從文中我們能夠得出結(jié)論：______。

A.孩子的性格生來(lái)就已確定　　　　　　B.家庭的影響對(duì)塑造孩子的性格起著重要的作用

C.一個(gè)人個(gè)性的發(fā)展受多種因素的影響　D.B型性格的人在社會(huì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中無(wú)法立足

【答案】C

【解析】本題為推論題。本文主要談?wù)摿藢W(xué)校教育對(duì)學(xué)生性格形成的影響。綜觀全文我們知道，性格的發(fā)展是受先天和環(huán)境等多種因素影響的。C項(xiàng)為正確答案。

5.本文的最好標(biāo)題是“________”。

A.人格形成　　B.環(huán)境的作用　C.學(xué)校中的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)　D.遺傳和環(huán)境的共同作用

【答案】D

【解析】文章的第一段講述了全文的主題思想。其余的選項(xiàng)其內(nèi)涵都過(guò)于狹窄。