英語(yǔ)六級(jí)聽(tīng)力破題指導(dǎo)：短對(duì)話與長(zhǎng)對(duì)話

　　聽(tīng)力概況

　　在四六級(jí)考 試中，聽(tīng)力部分從2006年6月起由過(guò)去20%的比例上升為35%，有消息稱(chēng)，國(guó)家四六級(jí)出題委員會(huì)即將在2012年左右全面推行計(jì)算機(jī)四六級(jí)考試。其 中，聽(tīng)力部分將到70%的內(nèi)容。

　　六級(jí)聽(tīng)力題目構(gòu)成與比例

　　小對(duì)話： 8% 選擇題共8道對(duì)話，每題長(zhǎng)約1分鐘

　　長(zhǎng)對(duì)話： 7% 選擇題共2段對(duì)話，每段長(zhǎng)約3分鐘

　　聽(tīng)力短文： 10% 選擇題 共3篇文章，每篇長(zhǎng)約3分鐘

　　復(fù)合式聽(tīng)寫(xiě)：10% 聽(tīng)寫(xiě)填空 填8個(gè)單詞和三句話，放音三遍，共計(jì)8分鐘

　　聽(tīng)力位于考試的卷二部分，共占全卷35%。07年六級(jí)考試改革后，聽(tīng)力考試的對(duì)話部分在以往單一短對(duì)話的基礎(chǔ)上增加了長(zhǎng)對(duì)話的內(nèi)容。其 中短對(duì)話部分由原來(lái)的10題減至8題;長(zhǎng)對(duì)話有兩篇，每篇題量在3至4題一共7題;不過(guò)對(duì)話部分題目總數(shù)保持不變，還是15個(gè)。新增的長(zhǎng)對(duì)話持續(xù)時(shí)間約6 分鐘，說(shuō)話者的語(yǔ)速約為150-170詞/分鐘。該部分共15題，每題計(jì)1分，共15分?？偟膩?lái)說(shuō)，題目的總量增加了，做題時(shí)間增加了，本身對(duì)學(xué)生是否能 夠長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的集中聽(tīng)力注意力就增加了考驗(yàn)。

　　關(guān)于六級(jí)短對(duì)話

　　除了和四級(jí)相同的一些視聽(tīng)反向原則(即聽(tīng)到的單詞和短語(yǔ)要慎選)和同義詞替換原則(即準(zhǔn)確答案經(jīng)常是原文的同義詞語(yǔ)的替換)之外，六級(jí) 的小對(duì)話在出題方向上出現(xiàn)過(guò)一些明顯的特點(diǎn)，總結(jié)如下：

　　教授要求嚴(yán)格：例如布置作業(yè)很多、考試不容易過(guò)，上課要求準(zhǔn)時(shí)、講座難度高等等;

　　2002年6月 第9題：

　　M: Erh-erh… Looks like I'm going to be a little late for class. I hope Pro. Clark doesn't start on time today.

　　W: Are you kidding? You can set your watch by the time he starts his class.

　　Q: What can be inferred about Pro. Clark?

　　A) He wants his students to be on time for class.

　　B) He doesn't allow his students to tell jokes in class.

　　C) He is always punctual for his class.

　　D) He rarely notices which students are late.

　　解析：男生說(shuō)：可能我得遲到一會(huì)兒了，我希望Clark教授今天沒(méi)有準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)開(kāi)課。女生回答：開(kāi)玩笑吧，他每次開(kāi)始上課(時(shí)間都很準(zhǔn)，以至 于)你都可以對(duì)你的表。因此答案選C.

　　2003年1月 第6題

　　W: Professor Smith, I really need the credits to graduate this summer.

　　M: Here at this school the credits are earned, not given.

　　Q: What do we learn from the conversation?

　　A) The man thinks the woman can earn the credits.

　　B) The woman is begging the man to let her pass the exam.

　　C) The woman has to attend a summer course to graduate.

　　D) The woman is going to graduate from summer school.

　　解析：女生說(shuō)：教授，我需要這些學(xué)分才能暑假順利畢業(yè)。教授回答：這個(gè)學(xué)校的學(xué)分是掙來(lái)的而不是給的。因此答案選B.

　　另外：作業(yè)總是很重的負(fù)擔(dān)，需要了解的是，作業(yè)包括各種各樣的assignment 、homework 以及reading list。

　　2003年6月 第8題

　　M: Mr. Smith, our history professor, announced we would be doing two papers and three exams this semester. I wonder how I'm going to pull through when two other courses have similar requirements.

　　W: Well, can't you drop one course and pick it up next semester?

　　Q: What does the woman suggest the man do?

　　A) Do the assignments towards the end of the semester.

　　B) Quit the history course and choose another one instead.

　　C) Drop one course and do it next semester.

　　D) Take courses with a lighter workload.

　　解析：男生抱怨道我們的歷史老師Smith宣稱(chēng)這個(gè)學(xué)期我們要搞定兩份論文三次考試?？墒莿e的課程也有類(lèi)似的要求，我都不知道我該怎么 去應(yīng)付了。女生建議道那你為什么不退一門(mén)課呢?下學(xué)期再選也不遲啊。因此答案選C。

　　預(yù)訂難以成功：房間、交通或演出的票、商品等都很難訂到或買(mǎi)到。

　　M: I wonder whether it would be possible to change this double room to two single rooms.

　　W: Sorry, sir. All the single rooms are occupied. But if you like, I can check with Imperial Hotel to see if they have any.

　　Q: What's the woman going to do for the man?

　　A) Let him move to a room with two single beds.

　　B) Check to see if there are any vacancies in her hotel.

　　C) Try to help him find rooms in another hotel.

　　D) Show him the way to Imperial Hotel.

　　解析：中男生說(shuō)：我不知道能不能把這個(gè)雙人間換成兩個(gè)單人間。女生回答：對(duì)不起先生，所有的單人間都訂滿(mǎn)了。如果你想要的話，我可以給 你查查帝國(guó)飯店看看它們有沒(méi)有。因此答案選C。

　　女生更愛(ài)學(xué)習(xí)、男生更愛(ài)娛樂(lè)：

　　2000年1月 第1題

　　W: It's a pity you missed the concert yesterday evening. It was wonderful.

　　M: I didn't want to miss the football game. Well, I'm not a classical music fan anyway.

　　Q: What do we learn from the conversation?

　　A) The man was sorry to miss the football game.

　　B) The man attended the concert, but didn't like it.

　　C) The man was sorry that he didn't attend the concert.

　　D) The man is more interested in football than in classical music.

　　解析：中男生說(shuō)：你錯(cuò)過(guò)了昨天晚上的音樂(lè)會(huì)真可惜。它很棒的。男生回答：我不想錯(cuò)過(guò)足球賽啊，況且我不是一個(gè)古典音樂(lè)迷。因此答案選 D。

　　另外，交通工具容易遲到，邀約對(duì)方容易遭到拒絕(吃飯的邀請(qǐng)容易成功)，事故中人不會(huì)死亡而是生還等 特色規(guī)律都可以在題目中找到大量的佐證。

　　關(guān)于六級(jí)長(zhǎng)對(duì)話

　　單就長(zhǎng)對(duì)話而言，長(zhǎng)對(duì)話作為六級(jí)聽(tīng)力改革后的新題型體現(xiàn)了命題組對(duì)于考試改革的訴求——強(qiáng)調(diào)在實(shí)際環(huán)境中的語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力。涉及到的對(duì)話 場(chǎng)景內(nèi)容非常廣泛，從校園生活到生活中的各種場(chǎng)景。學(xué)生可以通過(guò)抓住“信號(hào)詞” 來(lái)判斷具體場(chǎng)景。經(jīng)常涉及到的場(chǎng)景有：旅游(飛機(jī)，機(jī)場(chǎng)，出行準(zhǔn)備等)，校園，工作面試，訪談等。

　　例題：2008年12月第一篇長(zhǎng)對(duì)話

　　22.A. Organizing protests C. Acting as its spokesman.

　　B. Recruiting members D. Saving endangered animals.

　　23. A. Anti-animal-abuse demonstrations B. Anti-nuclear campaigns

　　C. Surveying the Atlantic Ocean floor D. Removing industrial waste.

　　24.A. By harassing them. C. By taking legal action.

　　B. By appealing to the public D. By resorting to force.

　　25. A. Doubtful B. Reserved C. Indifferent. D. Supportive

　　聽(tīng)力原文：

　　W: Right, well, in the studio this morning, for our interview spot is Peter Wilson(人名，重要). Peter works for Green Peace (特殊表達(dá)，文章主題詞). So, Peter, welcome.

　　M: Thanks a lot. It's good to be here.

　　W: Great! Now, Peter, perhaps you can tell us something about Green Peace and your job there. (寒暄，為了迷惑考生，此處進(jìn)入正題)

　　M: Sure. Well, I'll start by telling you roughly what Green Peace is all about. I actually work in London for the Green Peace organization(人 物職業(yè)，22題考點(diǎn)1). We've been going for a few decades and we're a non-violent, non-political organization. We're involved in anti-nuclear activity, conservation and protection of animals and protection and support of our eco-system. I'm the action organizer and arrange any protests.(人 物職業(yè)重復(fù)，22題考點(diǎn)。視聽(tīng)基本一致原則。)

　　W: Right! A pretty important role. Peter. What sort of protest would you organize?

　　M: Well, recently we've been involved in anti-nuclear campaigns. (問(wèn)答關(guān)系，23題考 點(diǎn)。視聽(tīng)一致原則。)I, personally arranged for the demonstration against radioactive waste dumping in the Atlantic Ocean. We've got a few small Green Peace boats that weharass(特殊詞匯，首次出現(xiàn)，24題 考點(diǎn)2) the dumping ship with.

　　W: Say? Hold on, Peter. I thought you said your organization was non-violent. What do you mean by "harass"? (重 復(fù)核心詞，也是問(wèn)題所在。問(wèn)答關(guān)系。)

　　M: Well, we circle round and round the ships and get in the way when they try to dump the drums of nuclear waste in the sea.(針 對(duì)問(wèn)題harass的具體回答，24題 考點(diǎn)。) We talk to the men and try to change, you know, yell at them to stop. We generally make ourselves as much of a nuisance as possible.

　　M: Well, people may think differently of your methods, but there's no doubt you're doing a great job.(轉(zhuǎn)折詞but+態(tài) 度判斷詞great，25題 考點(diǎn)4), keep it up and good luck(繼續(xù)態(tài)度判斷). And thanks for talking with us.

　　W: Thanks for having me.

　　Q22. What is the man's chief responsibility in the Green Peace organization?

　　Q23. What has Green Peace been involved in recently?

　　Q24. How does Green Peace try to stop people from dumping nuclear waste?

　　Q25. What is the woman's attitude towards the Green Peace's campaigns?

　　Keys: ABAD

　　解析：做題的時(shí)候一定要和短文一樣對(duì)題目的出題位置有明確的把握，位置感很重要。一般而言，對(duì)話時(shí)，開(kāi)頭的客套以及問(wèn)候與結(jié)尾的道別結(jié) 束語(yǔ)很少出題，而對(duì)話中段往往才是重點(diǎn)。另外，本段長(zhǎng)對(duì)話使用到了視聽(tīng)基本一致的原則。24題的考法是長(zhǎng)對(duì)話中最典型的一種，就是針對(duì)動(dòng)作行為進(jìn)行發(fā)問(wèn)， 考點(diǎn)在于考生需要聽(tīng)明白人物發(fā)出的動(dòng)作是什么，原文的動(dòng)詞harass和選項(xiàng)的harass是一摸一樣，屬于最簡(jiǎn)單的考法，而且原文重復(fù)兩次，因此考生對(duì) 此即便是不知道harass是什么意思也能選對(duì)。25題的考法是一貫的長(zhǎng)對(duì)話結(jié)尾題，往往以態(tài)度判斷和結(jié)論作為考察對(duì)象，此題選項(xiàng)均為態(tài)度詞，很容易判 斷，另外，注意到選項(xiàng)呈現(xiàn)“三負(fù)一正”的格局，因此答案是顯然的。本段長(zhǎng)對(duì)話的幾個(gè)特色詞匯也需要注意：harass指“騷擾”，綠色和平組織采取“和平 騷擾”的方式，影響那些傾倒核廢料(dumping nuclear waste)的人們，而沒(méi)有采取訴諸武力(resorting force)的方式。

　　六級(jí)對(duì)話類(lèi)題目的一般性原則

　　1.提前瀏覽，有備而聽(tīng)

　　考試時(shí)在聽(tīng)力考試錄音開(kāi)始之前要盡可能抽時(shí)間瀏覽所有選項(xiàng)，以便預(yù)測(cè)對(duì)話的主題和相關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容。我們的策略是：考生可以先迅速瀏覽前四 個(gè)短對(duì)話的選項(xiàng)，用以做題，而從第五個(gè)對(duì)話開(kāi)始，每個(gè)短對(duì)話之間都有15秒左右的時(shí)間間隔，考生可利用這段時(shí)間來(lái)預(yù)讀下一題的選項(xiàng)。當(dāng)讀完前四個(gè)短對(duì)話的 選項(xiàng)后，考生應(yīng)在Directions結(jié)束前，迅速瀏覽第一個(gè)長(zhǎng)對(duì)話的所有選項(xiàng)，盡可能找出相關(guān)線索。根據(jù)樣卷錄音，Section A的Directions大約持續(xù)1分20秒左右的時(shí)間，如果加上考場(chǎng)試音的時(shí)間則更長(zhǎng)。這足可以讓考生預(yù)讀前四個(gè)短對(duì)話的選項(xiàng)和第一個(gè)長(zhǎng)對(duì)話的所有選 項(xiàng)。

　　2.分析選項(xiàng)，預(yù)測(cè)內(nèi)容： 在分析選項(xiàng)的部分，希望考生能針對(duì)如下三個(gè)關(guān)鍵部分進(jìn)行快速判斷：

　　人物關(guān)系(Relationship，鄰居?夫妻?同學(xué)?師生?同事等，能夠?yàn)楹竺孀鲱}判斷人物身 份起到良好的鋪墊)。

　　動(dòng)作行為 (動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)往往是最重要的考察對(duì)象之一)。

　　態(tài)度詞 (長(zhǎng)對(duì)話結(jié)尾往往涉及態(tài)度判斷和結(jié)論)

　　3. 邊聽(tīng)邊選，不要走神：

　　盡量在聽(tīng)的時(shí)候確定哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)能夠最大程度的吻合，這是做短文聽(tīng)力的宗旨，同樣適用于長(zhǎng)對(duì)話。平時(shí)訓(xùn)練做到“邊聽(tīng)邊記”、強(qiáng)調(diào)語(yǔ)言輸出的 強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練為主，上了考場(chǎng)強(qiáng)調(diào)“邊聽(tīng)邊選”。最后聽(tīng)問(wèn)題確定自己的正確答案，因?yàn)槁?tīng)力時(shí)間間隔很短，因此哪怕是猜的答案，一旦作出判斷，就不要過(guò)多糾纏于這 一分。集中注意力到下一題當(dāng)中。

　　4. 常見(jiàn)技巧型破題法則：

　　短對(duì)話：視聽(tīng)反向原則、同義替換原則、后句更加重要原則。校園場(chǎng)景是小對(duì)話的重點(diǎn)主題;

　　長(zhǎng)對(duì)話：視聽(tīng)基本一致原則、首句重點(diǎn)原則、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系原則。注意說(shuō)話人的態(tài)度也很重要。