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托福寫(xiě)作:慈善事業(yè)

所屬教程:托福寫(xiě)作

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2022年03月22日

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  托福寫(xiě)作素材

  慈善事業(yè)

  在最近幾個(gè)月的托福寫(xiě)作考題中,有相當(dāng)大比例的題目考到金錢相關(guān)的話題,從國(guó)家、政府、社區(qū)、個(gè)人的錢怎么花,花得合不合適,到幼兒園、大學(xué)該不該免費(fèi)等問(wèn)題。其中最令考生頭痛的還有要不要捐款、如何開(kāi)展慈善的相關(guān)話題。


  關(guān)于慈善活動(dòng),在普通人的日常生活中,我們最多作為參與者,很少會(huì)從組織者或慈善事業(yè)的有效性這樣的高度去思考問(wèn)題,因而在考場(chǎng)碰到就會(huì)覺(jué)得無(wú)從入手,今天我們就來(lái)了解一些相關(guān)的背景知識(shí)。

  1.WHAT is a charitable organization?

  慈善機(jī)構(gòu)相比企業(yè)單位有一個(gè)最顯著的特征就是它是非盈利組織(non-profitable organizations),簡(jiǎn)寫(xiě)為NPOs,也被稱為“非政府組織”(non-governmental organizations),簡(jiǎn)稱NGOs,志愿者組織,免稅組織,慈善組織等等”,目標(biāo)是幫助需要幫助的某個(gè)特定人群或其它生物(underprivileged groups/ disadvantaged people/ people stricken with destitution貧困/ endangered animals)


  慈善機(jī)構(gòu)又可以進(jìn)一步被分為兩大類型:私人基金會(huì)與公共慈善機(jī)構(gòu),其差異在于資金渠道是來(lái)自大眾還是單一渠道。


  Private foundations私人基金會(huì) often collect their funds from a single key source, for example, a wealthy benefactor有錢的捐助者. As such, the funds of a private foundation are controlled because they are dependent on a main source of income。

  其中最典型的代表就是1997年成立的Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Bill Gates捐獻(xiàn)了個(gè)人近580億的資產(chǎn)給蓋茨基金會(huì),當(dāng)然也就獲得了發(fā)言權(quán)。

  Public charities 公共慈善機(jī)構(gòu)don’t rely on a single source of income. Instead, they depend on public donations 社會(huì)捐款or governmental grants政府補(bǔ)助金. One of the distinguishing features of public charities then is their dependency on frequent donations from the public.


  在美國(guó)這樣的組織很多,以下是2019年美國(guó)入選Forbes排名前10的其中三家機(jī)構(gòu):

  1.United Way Worldwide 全球聯(lián)合之路主要關(guān)注教育、收入和健康領(lǐng)域的慈善事業(yè)(The nation’s largest charity by donations received, much of the fundraising籌款 comes from payroll deductions. )

  2.Feeding America 供養(yǎng)美國(guó)( the nation’s leading hunger-relief charity).是美國(guó)的食品銀行網(wǎng)絡(luò),起初僅是向饑民提供剩余食品的一個(gè)渠道。

  3.YMCA  基督教青年會(huì)(Young Men's Christian Association),Elon Musk在他的演講中就提到他在創(chuàng)業(yè)之初,曾經(jīng)由于經(jīng)濟(jì)拮據(jù),不得不睡在辦公室,去YMCA蹭熱水澡。

  每一個(gè)慈善組織成立的目的和幫助對(duì)象很不相同,可以是動(dòng)物權(quán)益(Animal rights, such as protecting animals from abuse),環(huán)境保護(hù)(environmental protection),自然災(zāi)難救濟(jì)與應(yīng)對(duì)(deal with natural calamity and provide quick relief for people in need),幫助貧困家庭(reach out to poor families who have few economic opportunities)等等。


  比如Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation專注于兩個(gè)大塊,一是不發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家如非洲人民的健康、溫飽(help individuals lift themselves out of hunger and extreme poverty);二是在美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)幫助實(shí)現(xiàn)平等教育的權(quán)利(promote equal education within current education system in America)。

  2.WHY Charity?

  慈善事業(yè)(Philanthropy)在美國(guó)、歐洲、日本更為流行和完善,除了他們整體經(jīng)濟(jì)更為發(fā)達(dá)的原因,也有政治、文化因素。在美國(guó),收入超過(guò)46.68萬(wàn)美元的家庭會(huì)被賦予高額的稅收,高達(dá)50%, 因此,對(duì)于巨富的大佬們,成立私人基金會(huì)就是一個(gè)上好的選擇(避稅)。


  此外美國(guó)文化中的基督教背景也為公益事業(yè)提供了很好的土壤,在圣經(jīng)中就提倡個(gè)人將收入的十分之一捐出,而教會(huì)捐款本身就是慈善事業(yè)的很大一部分來(lái)源。


  2006年6月,股神巴菲特(Warren Buffett) 選擇把名下440億美元中的85%投入他的好友Bill Gates的基金會(huì)。


  更妙的是,他們還四處游說(shuō)慈善事業(yè)的好處,說(shuō)慈善是最令人滿意的經(jīng)歷(the most fulfilling experience),能夠真正地創(chuàng)造積極有益的改變(make a difference/ make a dent in some areas),先后說(shuō)服了100多位巨富加入他們的行列,承諾捐出50%的財(cái)產(chǎn)作為慈善費(fèi)用。


  為什么要做慈善是托福寫(xiě)作的一個(gè)重要考點(diǎn),這里我們撇開(kāi)上面提到的體制、文化因素,從社會(huì)和個(gè)人的角度來(lái)考慮,慈善也有相當(dāng)多的好處:

  Charitable work的好處:

  1) 擴(kuò)大影響力, 獲得更廣泛的社會(huì)認(rèn)可

  Whenever a major charity takes place, there is usuallya press release新聞發(fā)布 or an announcement of some sort. Your name is being recognized and your work isbeing showcased被展現(xiàn). The best part from charity is that it most likely is coming from an audience that you couldn’t reach before.

  2)獲得滿足和幸福感 a sense of fulfillment / happiness

  It Just Feels Good – people get a genuinely awesome feeling when they help someone who truly deserves it. It is probably better than watching your loved ones open the presents you bought them on Christmas morning

  3) 提升能力和自信(如培養(yǎng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力)

  4) 社會(huì):有助于社會(huì)公平

  ……

  順便提一下,志愿者活動(dòng)對(duì)于個(gè)人的好處也和慈善有相同之處:

  1) 增加社會(huì)經(jīng)驗(yàn),提升能力

  2) 拓展人脈

  3) 美化簡(jiǎn)歷,有利于找工作

  You may meet developers, designers, videographers during the course of voluntary work. Each and every one of them其中的每一個(gè)人 has a unique skill that theybring to the table提供for the one cause. During the process, people may bring up topics like what they do for a living, their best moments in life, their vision for the future, which are totally respectable and admirable. This benefit of conversing with them alone is irreplaceable不可替代的.

  3.HOW- Charity and happiness

  關(guān)于慈善與幸福的關(guān)系,我們來(lái)看一個(gè)TED演講的選段

  精彩片段:If any of you work for a charity, don't reward your donors with pens or calendars. Reward them with the opportunity to see the specific impact that their generosity is having and to connect with the individuals and communities they're helping.


  We're used to thinking about giving as something we should do. And it is. But in thinking about it this way, we're missing out on 錯(cuò)失one of the best parts of being human: that we have evolved to find joy in helping others. Let's stop thinking about giving as just this moral obligation道德義務(wù) and start thinking of it as a source of pleasure歡樂(lè)之源.

  最后,讓今天的文章和視頻內(nèi)容為你助力,嘗試構(gòu)思一下以下兩個(gè)話題的寫(xiě)作思路吧:

  10.10線下:

  When you give money to the charitable organizations, would you prefer to choose how the donation will be used (for example, donate money on food, service or advertisement for organizations) or leave the decision to the organization?


  11.2家庭版:

  Do you agree or disagree with the following statement:

  People are happier when they give away extra money to charity or a good cause rather than when they spend it on themselves.

   

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