托福寫作提升的三大步驟

　　我們?cè)趥淇?a href="http://vqdolsx.cn/list-7675-1.html" target="_blank" class="keylink">托福寫作的時(shí)候，不僅僅要掌握一些寫作素材，同時(shí)也要掌握正確的寫作步驟，這樣有助于我們寫作分?jǐn)?shù)的提升。

　　1.統(tǒng)一性

　　一個(gè)段落內(nèi)的各個(gè)句子必須從屬于一個(gè)中心，任何游離于中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。

　　請(qǐng)看下例：

　　Joe and I decided to take the long trip we‘d always wanted across the country. We were like young kids buying our camper and stocking it with all the necessities of life. Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie. We started out in early spring from Minneapolis and headed west across the northern part of the country. We both enjoyed those people we met at the trailer park. Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner. To our surprise, we found that we liked the warm southern regions very much, and so we decided to stay here in New Mexico.

　　本段的主題句是段首句，controlling idea(中心思想)是take the long trip across the country。文中出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)irrelevant sentences，一個(gè)是Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie，這一段是講的是Joe and I ，中間出現(xiàn)一個(gè)Bella是不合適的。還有，Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner這一句更是與主題句不相關(guān)?？忌?a href="http://vqdolsx.cn/cet4/" target="_blank" class="keylink">四級(jí)統(tǒng)考的作文卷上常常因?yàn)樵斐鰅rrelevant sentences(不相關(guān)語句)而丟分，值得引起注意。

　　再看一個(gè)例子：

　　My name is Roseanna, and I like to keep physically fit. I used to weigh two hundred pounds, but I joined the YMCA for an exercise class and diet program. In one year I lost eighty pounds. I feel much better and never want to have that much weight on my five-feet frame again. I bought two new suitcases last week. Everyday I practice jogging three miles, swimming fifteen laps, lifting twenty-pound weights and playing tennis for one hour. My mother was a premature baby.

　　本段的controlling idea 是like to deep physically fit，但段中有兩個(gè)irrelevant sentences，一個(gè)是I bought two new suitcases last week，另一個(gè)是My mother was a premature baby。

　　從上面兩個(gè)例子可以看出，native speakers同樣會(huì)造出來irrelevant sentences。卷面上如果這種句子多了，造成偏題或離題，那問題就更嚴(yán)重了。

　　2.完整性

　　正象我們前面說得那樣，一個(gè)段落的主題思想靠推展句來實(shí)現(xiàn)，如果只有主題句而沒有推展句來進(jìn)一步交待和充實(shí)，就不能構(gòu)成一個(gè)完整的段落。同樣，雖然有推展句，但主題思想沒有得到相對(duì)圓滿的交待，給讀者一種意猶未盡的感覺。這樣的段落也不能完成其交際功能。

　　例如：

　　Physical work can be a useful form of therapy for a mind in turmoil. Work concentrates your thoughts on a concrete task. Besides, it is more useful to workyou produce something rather than more anxiety or depression.

　　本段的主題句是段首句。本段的兩個(gè)推展句均不能回答主題句中提出的問題。什么是 "a mind in turmoil"(心境不平靜)Physical work又如何能改變這種情況?為什么它能起therapy的作用?讀者得不到明確的答案。

　　要達(dá)到完整就必須盡可能地簡(jiǎn)明。

　　例如：

　　It is not always true that a good picture is worth a thousand words. Often writing is much clearer than a picture. It is sometimes difficult to figure out what a picture means, but a careful writer can almost always explain it.

　　段首句所表達(dá)的主題思想是一種看法，必須有具體事例加以驗(yàn)證。上述兩個(gè)推展句只是在文字上對(duì)主題作些解釋，整個(gè)段落內(nèi)容空洞，簡(jiǎn)而不明。如果用一兩個(gè)具體的例子的話，就可以把主題解釋清楚了。

　　比如下段：

　　It is not always true that a picture is worth a thousand words. Sometimes, pictures are pretty useless things. If you can‘t swim and fall in the river and start gulping water, will you be better off to hold up a picture of yourself drowning, or start screaming "Help"?

　　3.連貫性(coherence)

　　連貫性包括意連和形連兩個(gè)方面，前者指的是內(nèi)在的邏輯性，后者指的是使用轉(zhuǎn)換詞語。當(dāng)然這兩者常常是不可分割的。只有形連而沒有意連，句子之間就沒有內(nèi)在的有機(jī)的聯(lián)系;反之，只有意連而沒有形連，有時(shí)行文就不夠流暢。

　　1) 意連

　　段落中句子的排列應(yīng)遵循一定的次序，不能想到什么就寫什么。如果在下筆之前沒有構(gòu)思，邊寫邊想，寫寫停停，那就寫不出一氣呵成的好文章來。下面介紹幾種常見的排列方式。

　　A.按時(shí)間先后排列(chronological arrangement)

　　We had a number of close calls that day. When we rose, it was obviously late and we had to hurry so as not to miss breakfast; we knew the dining room staff was strict about closing at nine o‘clock. Then, when we had been driving in the desert for nearly two hours - it must have been close to noonthe heat nearly hid us in; the radiator boiled over and we had to use most of our drinking water to cool it down. By the time we reached the mountain, it was four o‘clock and we were exhausted. Here, judgement ran out of us and we started the tough climb to the summit, not realizing that darkness came suddenly in the desert. Sure enough, by six we were struggling and Andrew very nearly went down a steep cliff, dragging Mohammed and me along with him. By nine, when the wind howled across the flat ledge of the summit, we knew as we shivered together for warmth that it had not been our lucky day.

　　本段從 "rose"(起床)寫起，然后是吃早餐("not to miss breakfast", "closing at nine o‘clock")，然后是 "close to noon"，一直寫到這一天結(jié)束("By nine")。

　　B. 按位置遠(yuǎn)近排列(spatial arrangement)

　　例如：

　　From a distance, it looked like a skinny tube, but as we got closer, we could see it flesh out before our eyes. It was tubular, all right, but fatter than we could see from far away. Furthermore, we were also astonished to notice that the building was really in two parts: a pagoda sitting on top of a tubular one-story structure. Standing ten feet away, we could marvel at how much of the pagoda was made up of glass windows. Almost everything under the wonderful Chinese roof was made of glass, unlike the tube that it was sitting on, which only had four. Inside, the tube was gloomy, because of the lack of light. Then a steep, narrow staircase took us up inside the pagoda and the light changed dramatically. All those windows let in a flood of sunshine and we could see out for miles across the flat land.

　　本段的寫法是由遠(yuǎn)及近，從遠(yuǎn)處("from a distance")寫起，然后"get closer"，再到("ten feet away")，最后是 "inside the pagoda"……當(dāng)然，按位置遠(yuǎn)近來寫不等于都是由遠(yuǎn)及近。根據(jù)需要，也可以由近及遠(yuǎn)，由表及里等等。