引號分單引號(single quotation marks) 和雙引號(double quotation marks) 。單引號只用在一個直接引語中所含有的另一個直接引語上。
1.表示直接引語。當(dāng)直接引語超過四行或多于40 個字詞時, 一般不用引號而改用黑體字以便與文章的其它部分界線清晰。
“Well, ”the foreigner said to him ,“ you look like an engineer. ”
句號和逗號必須置于引號(雙引號和單引號) 之內(nèi)。
He told the gunman ,“I refuse to do that ”;his knees , however , were shaking even as he said those words.
She called this schedule of activities her “load ”:work , study , exercise , recreation , and sleep.
冒號與分號必置于引號外。
The teacher asked , “Could you understand me”?
Did the teacher ask ,“Have they gone”?
Did the teacher ask ,“They have gone ?”
The frightened girl screamed ,“Help”!
The fellow only said ,“Sorry !”
He interrupted me , “Now , listen”——and went on saying.
問號、感嘆號和破折號有時置于引號之內(nèi), 有時置于外號之外。如果所引內(nèi)容本身是疑問句或感嘆句或帶有破折號, 問號、感嘆號或破折號一般放在引號之內(nèi)。否則,放在引號之外。
2.標明短篇出版物的標題, 諸如雜志、報紙上的文章、短詩、短篇故事和整部書的某一章節(jié)。
Have you read“The Old Man and the Sea”?
Chapter three is entitled“The Internet . ”
3.表示所用的詞語具有特殊意義。另外,當(dāng)俚語出現(xiàn)在較正式的文章中, 也用引號引起來, 以表示文風(fēng)的有意轉(zhuǎn)變。
The report contained the“facts”of the case.
The speaker owns a“fat farm”in California , which slims down rich overeaters for $2 , 500 a week.
4. 用于表示引起讀者注意的詞語, 或讀者不熟悉的特殊詞語。
It is customary to say“Youpre welcome” whenever anyone says“Thank you. ”
“SOS”is a message for help from a ship or aircraft when in danger.
十一、托福寫作中省略號英文標點符號用法——省略號(...)
此省略號無論出現(xiàn)在句首、句中、還是句尾,都是表示單詞的省略。
1. 表示直接引語中的省略
Max wrote ,“...in one word ,manps consciousness , changes with every change in the conditions of his material existence....”
句后的省略號和句號的寫法應(yīng)是在一條直線上的四個黑點。前三個黑點表示省略號,后一個黑點表句號。
2. 表示說話中的猶豫或遲疑
“If that the way you think...just go back to school ,”he said.
3. 表示段落或整行詞句的省略, 須使用一整行黑點。
十二、托福寫作中英文標點符號撇號或省字號用法——撇號或省字號(’)
1.構(gòu)成名詞所有格
rest my son’ s
a moment’s books
A three weeks’pay
2.表示詞、字母、數(shù)碼、符號等的復(fù)數(shù)形式
Don’t use so many ands in the sentence.
How many 5s have you got?
這與一般單詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式不同, 正規(guī)的寫法須在s 前加“ ’ ”, 要牢記規(guī)則。
3.除表動詞的緊縮形式外, 還表一個或幾個字母和數(shù)字的省略。
I’ve got it. “Yes ,ma’ am ,”the waiter said.
注意:有相當(dāng)大一部分省略詞是口語中的用法,不宜出現(xiàn)在書面語中。例如:I’d like to(在書面語中要寫作I would like to)。