托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作常見(jiàn)的審題誤區(qū)

　　審題，是寫(xiě)作的第一步，卻經(jīng)常被大家所忽略。有太多考生只著眼于如何寫(xiě)出漂亮的句子和高級(jí)的詞匯，而沒(méi)有搞清寫(xiě)作的本質(zhì)--考察學(xué)生針對(duì)某一話(huà)題進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確連貫表述的能力。這也是為什么很多同學(xué)雖然英語(yǔ)不弱，在托福考試的獨(dú)立部分中卻只能拿到 fai r或 good 當(dāng)中較低的4分。那么到底怎樣才能更加容易地拿到獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作的滿(mǎn)分呢? 筆者今天將通過(guò)列舉以往考過(guò)的真題進(jìn)行解析，告訴大家如何審題，換句話(huà)說(shuō)，如何使高分變得更加achievable。

　　同學(xué)們考寫(xiě)作考了這么多年，大多數(shù)出題的形式都已爛熟于心，看到題目之后覺(jué)得熟悉于是興沖沖提筆就寫(xiě)，其實(shí)，這種看似"熟練"的表象下藏著巨大的隱患--同學(xué)們很有可能因?yàn)榭吹锰於雎阅硞€(gè)決定題目意思的關(guān)鍵詞。例如：

　　例1：

　　Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Advertising is the only main cause for people's unhealthy eating habits.

　　看到這個(gè)題目，同學(xué)們立刻會(huì)開(kāi)始想，有沒(méi)有other reasons for unhealthy habits，想出三條如：1. People's tight schedules do not allow them to eat at regular hours; 2. Sometimes people are eager to lose weight or to keep fit so that they go on "endless diets"; 3. Bearing heavy burden both physically and mentally, some consider eating constantly as their most effective stress reliever. 綜上所述，advertising is not the only cause.

　　這個(gè)寫(xiě)法看起來(lái)非常完備，但其實(shí)犯了一個(gè)不起眼卻嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤--題目不是要我們證明it is not the only cause，而是要我們?nèi)プC明it is not the only main cause。多一個(gè)"main"，意思是很不一樣的。如果我們只需要證明it is not the only cause，那么找出other causes即可即例1中的寫(xiě)法。但是，如果我們要證明it is not the only main cause，就需要證明other causes that we mentioned are also main causes，這就需要在每一段中加上一些專(zhuān)門(mén)的說(shuō)明。或者，更簡(jiǎn)單的辦法是去證明advertising is not even a cause, 直接在每段的末尾加上advertising與該段所論述的unhealthy eating habit無(wú)關(guān)的論述即可。If it is not a cause, how can it be the onlymain cause? 這樣一來(lái)，就不用通過(guò)證明還有其他main cause來(lái)反駁了，事實(shí)上，證明某種cause是main cause還是挺有難度的，因此筆者推薦同學(xué)們用后一種方式進(jìn)行論述。因此，文章還是disagree，而三段的主題句分別應(yīng)該是：1、1. People's tight schedules do not allow them to eat at regular hours, and it is obvious that they are too busy to be influenced by advertising; 2. Sometimes people are eager to lose weight or to keep fit so that they go on "endless diets", and this is more like a result of human nature, the pursuit of beauty, but not advertising; 3. Bearing heavy burden both physically and mentally, some consider eating constantly as their most effective stress reliever, and it is quite clear that no advertising encourages them to do so.

　　例2：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Colleges and universities should offer more preparation for student before they start working.

　　看到這個(gè)題目，很多同學(xué)會(huì)可能會(huì)這樣寫(xiě)：Agree. 1. Students should take morespecializedcourses(專(zhuān)業(yè)課)in order to be knowledgeable and skillful enough for their future careers(接著開(kāi)始論述being knowledgeable and skillful的重要性); 2.Participating in internships helps students to have a clearer picture of their vocational development in the future(接著開(kāi)始論述，如果沒(méi)有實(shí)過(guò)習(xí)，在工作的時(shí)候是多么地feel so unprepared); 3. Attending more club activities is an effective way to improve social skills, which are crucial for success both in life and at work(接著開(kāi)始論述good social skills對(duì)職業(yè)和生活的幫助).如果不看括號(hào)里的內(nèi)容，僅看主題句，這篇文章是沒(méi)有任何問(wèn)題的。然而，括號(hào)中的論述從嚴(yán)格意義上來(lái)講，是不能支持"more"這個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞的。舉個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的例子："我們需要錢(qián)"和"我們需要更多錢(qián)"在證明的時(shí)候重點(diǎn)是不一樣的。如果證明"我們需要錢(qián)"，應(yīng)該詳細(xì)

　　闡述錢(qián)的"不可或缺性"，比如生活、學(xué)習(xí)、教育都需要錢(qián);但是如果證明"我們需要更多錢(qián)"，重點(diǎn)則應(yīng)該放在"錢(qián)不夠"的論述上，證明在學(xué)習(xí)、生活、教育方面的預(yù)算都很緊張。同樣地，上面的題目中僅僅證明Knowledge for careers, field experience and social skills are important是不夠的，事實(shí)上，這些根本不需要證明，需要證明的事情是graduates today are not well prepared in the three aspects. 因此這篇文章應(yīng)該是一篇"抱怨型"的文章，詳細(xì)地去論述學(xué)校工作的不足。參考思路如下：Agree. 1. Many students today complain that they cannot learn practical skills and up-to-date information, for some of their teachers are not qualified enough to teach specialized courses; 2. Since many students are not allowed enough time to participate in internship programs before graduation, they know very little about what their future jobs like; 3. Joining clubs is possible for every college student, yet not every club provide is capable of offering enough opportunities for students to practice their social skills.

　　同學(xué)們?cè)趯?xiě)文章的時(shí)候一定要注意，學(xué)術(shù)論文寫(xiě)作不是句型和辭藻的堆砌，整篇文章一定是一個(gè)well-organized system，這個(gè)system中很重要的原則之二就是--

　　1、每個(gè)中間段的topic sentence是用來(lái)支持main idea的;

　　2、topic sentence后面的每句話(huà)都是用來(lái)支持該topic sentence的。在上面的兩個(gè)例子中，大家會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)例1的錯(cuò)誤主要是main idea沒(méi)有很好地被topic sentence支持;而例2的錯(cuò)誤在于topic sentence雖然看起來(lái)是支持main idea的，但是論述的內(nèi)容可能跟關(guān)鍵詞"more"無(wú)關(guān)，從而不能有力地支持topic sentences。這些錯(cuò)誤的起因，則是對(duì)題干中關(guān)鍵詞的忽略。